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SFD Report - Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam - SFD Promotion Initiative

Buon Ma Thuot is the capital city of Dak Lak province. It is located in the southwest of Dak Lak and borders Dak Nong province in the west and four districts of Dak Lak province in the other directions. It has a population of about 457,000 (Statistic Office of Vietnam, 2016) with a general growth rate of 1.12% per year.In Buon Ma Thuot, 18% of the population uses offsite sanitation systems. A larger percentage, 81% of the residents, use onsite sanitation systems (mainly septic tanks for containment), with only 1% practicing open defecation. Only 25% of the excreta in Buon Ma Thuot is managed safely, meaning that 75% is unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Da Lat, Vietnam - SFD Promotion Initiative

Da Lat is located on the Langbiang highland plateau at the northern area of Lam Dong Province. The city consists of 12 wards and 4 communes with a total population of 226,978 people by the end of 2017 (CIPTT, 2018). The maximum population density in the central region is 15,632 people/km2, and only 100 people/km2 in the communes.Nearly 100% of the population in Da Lat uses onsite sanitation systems, with only 1% practicing open defecation. 47% of all fecal sludge is estimated to be safely managed, with 53% not safely managed.

SFD Report - Douala, Cameroon (English and French) - SFD Promotion Initiative

Douala is the economic capital of Cameroon. In 2005, Douala had 1,907,479 inhabitants (RGPH, 2010). With a growth rate of 4.7%, the population of the city was estimated to be 3,309,939 inhabitants in 2017. The total area of the city (excluding Douala VI and Wouri River) is about 41,000ha. According to ENSP/L3E (2014), 30 to 40% of the area is occupied by slums. Only 50% of housing in Douala can be considered as accessible by a paved road and emptying trucks (Toukap, 2012).In Douala, 86% of the population uses onsite sanitation systems, with only 2% of the residents connected to offsite systems. 13% of the population practices open defecation. It is estimated that only 16% of excreta in the city is safely managed. This report is available in English and French.

SFD Report - Douala, Cameroon (English and French) - SFD Promotion Initiative

SFD Report - Enugu, Nigeria - SFD Promotion Initiative

Enugu City is a major commercial and industrial hub in southeastern Nigeria with an estimated population of just over a million people, although this figure increases during the daytime as many residents of the state come to the city to work and trade. A study estimated that 70 percent of Enugu city’s population live in areas of higher density and lower income in tenement-type housing. Currently, most residents use on-site sanitation technologies. 84 % of the produced faecal sludge is managed unsafely and 30 % of the population practices open defecation. Together with groundwater pollution from coal mining sources, the release of untreated wastewater to the environment poses serious public health and environmental risks that state institutions are not taking any measures to mitigate.

SFD Report - Gazipur, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Gazipur is one of the districts of Dhaka division and Gazipur City Corporation comprises of 57 wards and its total area is 329.53 sq. km. The total population of Gazipur City Corporation is about 2.5 million with a population density of 1,884/sq km.The majority of the population use septic tanks (98%), and around 2% use toilet with pits. There is no open defecation found in the municipality. However, a small portion of population living on streets and railway station practice open defecation which is less than 0.1%, not shown in the SFD graphic since it represents less than 1% of the total population.

SFD Report - Itahari, Nepal - SFD Promotion Initiative

Itahari Sub-Metropolitan is the largest city in Sunsari District located in the Province No.1 of south-eastern Nepal. The total population was 1,40,517 living in 33,794 households extended in the area of 93.78 square kilometres and the population growth rate is 6.23. The sub-metropolitan does not have municipal sewer network, thus every household rely on onsite sanitation system. No open defecation is practised, but only 9 % of the faecal sludge is managed safely. Traditional manual scavenging is predominant means of emptying while demand for mechanized emptying is increasing in the core city areas. No faecal sludge treatment facility does not exist and the sludge from manually emptied containments is dumped in a pit on the land owned by household’s whose containment have been emptied.

SFD Report - Jatoi, Pakistan

Jatoi city has twenty-two urban wards and is located in the Muzaffargarh district of Southern Punjab. The city is a peri-urban area and most of the settlements are informal. Lack of available land is a common issue. The total population of the city is 159,144, according to the 2017 census report. Most houses have their own latrines, and hand washing facilities range from jerry cans to wash basins.Ninety-seven percent of households in Jatoi use household latrines with off-site systems. Less than two percent of households use ‘septic tanks’, which function as sealed holding (conservancy) tanks (fully lined tanks) with no outlets. Nearly zero percent of the population practice open defecation (PDWSH, 2017 & kII’s). In Jatoi, only 12% of the excreta is safely managed, which means that 88% is unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Kakuma, Kenya - SFD Promotion Initiative

The SFD graphic and report covers Kakuma town and Kakuma refugee camp. Kakuma town is located in northern Kenya, in the northwestern part of Turkana County approximately 123 km north of the county capital Lodwar and about 100 km east from the border to South Sudan. Kakuma town is located on the eastern bank of Tarach River. In 2018, the town population is around 58,878 inhabitants. Kakuma refugee camp is located on the northwestern bank of Tarach River and can be subdivided into four settlement sections, namely Kakuma I, II, III and IV. The population density within the camp is approximately 12,000 to 13,000 persons per km², which is about 1,000 times that of the host Turkana community (Sanghi et. al, 2016). In July 2018, Kakuma camp hosted 147,744 refugees (UNHCR, 2018).There are no offsite sanitation systems in Kakuma. 94% of the population uses onsite sanitation systems, while the remaining 6% practices open defecation. 41% of the excreta is safely managed, with 59% being unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Kampong Chhnang, Cambodia

The Cambodian town of Kampong Chhnang is the capital of Kampong Chhnang Province. The Province is located to the northwest of Phnom Penh, the country’s capital and occupies the south-eastern edge of the Tonle Sap Basin. It borders Kampong Thom to the North, Kampong Cham to the East, Kampong Speu to the South and Pursat to the West. According to the Kampong Chhnang Municipal Authority, the population of the town in 2018 is 42,082 persons.90% of the residents in Kampong Chhnang use onsite sanitation systems, while 5% practice open defecation. The remaining 5% of the population uses offsite systems. The sewerage system, however, coveys and discharges the waste untreated into the Tonle Sap river. In total, 42% of the excreta in Kampong Chhnang is safely managed, with 58% being unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Kasungu, Malawi - SFD Promotion Initiative

Kasungu municipality is approximately 130 kilometres north-west of the capital of Malawi, Lilongwe. It has a total population of 77,619. The population swells up during the day, except on Sundays when most shops are closed. The municipality has a high population density of 2,188 people per square kilometre. The majority of the residential areas are informal settlements, which occupy 64 percent of the land. According to the SFD, 66 percent of the excreta from the population is considered to be safely managed, while 34 percent is considered unsafely managed. The majority of the safely managed proportion is fromhouseholds using unlined pits (in areas where there is a low risk of groundwater pollution) that are never emptied. The households cover and seal pits as they become full and construct replacements. In the medium- to long- term, for example as the population and population density increases, this practice may not be sustainable and improved sanitation management services may be required.

SFD Report - Lahan, Nepal

Lahan Municipality is a small commercial town in Siraha District, located in province number 2 in Nepal. It has a population of about 93,000 people and is nearly 350 kilometres east of the capital city Kathmandu. The majority of the population in Lahan (92%) uses onsite sanitation systems. 3% of the residents use toilets discharging directly into open drains, while an estimated 5% practices open defecation. Only 23% of the excreta in Lahan is safely manged, leaving 77% unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Lusaka, Zambia - SFD Promotion Initiative

Lusaka is the capital city of Zambia. Situated in the central part of Zambia on the Central African Plateau it is one of the fastest-developing cities in Southern Africa. Lusaka is both the political and economic centre of Zambia. Lusaka District is located within Lusaka Province, the smallest but most densely populated of the eleven Zambian provinces (CSO, 2014). According to projections by the Central Statistical Office (CSO), the population of Lusaka District is estimated to be 2,526,102 in 2018 (CSO, 2013). Around 70% of Lusaka’s population lives in so-called peri-urban areas (PUAs) (UN-HABITAT, 2007). The PUAs are generally characterized by lack of adequate housing, infrastructure and services (UN-HABITAT, 2007).Most people in Lusaka (82% of the residents) rely on on-site sanitation systems. The sewer network managed by Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) currently covers only about 14% of the population and has insufficient capacity to handle the current flows (LWSC, 2018a; Brown et al., 2012). Open defecation is practiced by 4% of the population. It is estimated that only 17% of the excreta in Lusaka is managed safely, with 83% being unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Manaus, Brasil (Portuguese and English) - SFD Promotion Initiative

O Município de Manaus é a capital do estado do Amazonas e está localizado na Região Norte do Brasil. A Região Hidrográfica chama-se Amazônica e ocupa 45% do território nacional. A densidade populacional é 10 vezes menor que a média nacional, entretanto, a região concentra 81% da disponibilidade de águas superficiais do país. Manaus é a maior cidade da Amazônia e a sétima maior cidade do Brasil, posicionada à margem esquerda do rio Negro, na confluência deste com o rio Solimões e ocupa uma área de aproximadamente 500km². Todavia, o seu território municipal é de 11.401km² e abriga uma população estimada de 2.130.264 em 2017 segundo o IBGE, com concentração de 99,5% na área urbana e um crescimento populacional entre 2016 e 2017 de 1,71%. Atualmente a densidade demográfica é de 158 hab/km². Este relatório também está disponível em inglês.