Design of Pour-Flush Latrines

The traditional solution to providing sanitation facilities in urban areas has been conventional sewerage, but this technology is so expensive that it is not generally affordable by low-income communities. World Bank research has shown that full health benefits can be obtained through the use of a variety of lower-cost alternative sanitation technologies. Although the user convenience level of these technologies is not necessarily as high as that of conventional sewerage, this should not be considered a major disadvantage, since health improvements are initially more important than providing high levels of user convenience. This Technical Note describes in detail one of these technologies, the pour-flush latrine, which has been widely adopted during the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990).

Emptying on-Site Excreta Disposal Systems - Field Tests with Mechanized Equipment in Gaborone (Botswana)

This report describes field tests of three prototype pit latrine emptying systems, a hand operated diaphgram pump and two vacuum tankers in regular service in Africa. Numerous sludge samples were taken and their viscosities and compositions measured to establish limits for the types of sludges that can be removed by each system.

Health Aspects of Nightsoil and Sludge Use in Agriculture and Aquaculture

Excreta constitute a valuable source of nutrients. In many countries (e.g. China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Indonesia) they are traditionally and widely used to fertilize fields and ponds where fish and aquatic vegetables are grown. In these areas, faecal wastes carry considerable economic importance. This may increase in the years to come elsewhere too as a result of the growing cost of mineral fertilizers (unaffordable to many farmers) and increasing demand for basic food supplies.

Manual on the Design, Construction and Maintenance of Low-Cost Pour-Flush Waterseal Latrines in India

Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines - Guidelines for the Selection of Design Options

This Discussion Paper provides guidelines that will enable a design engineer to make a rational selection of the VIP latrine design option most appropriate to the community for which he is responsible. The designer is aiming at a technical choice that will be affordable to the householder and will give the best long-term service at the least cost. It is assumed for the purpose of this paper that a VIP latrine of some sort is the most appropriate sanitation facility for the community under consideration, and also that the reader is aware of how VIP latrines function and how they are able to control odors and insects (these details are covered in the appropriate TAG publications). What remains for the designer is to select the type of VIP latrine that is compatible with available resources as well as with the prevailing physical, sociocultural, institutional, economic and financial conditions. In doing so, special emphasis is placed on technology costs and affordability.

Septic Tank and Septic Systems - Environmental Sanitation Reviews

This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the septic tank and septic systems. Information on design and functional aspects, and environmental effects of septic tank systems are presented. In addition, some important research needs as reported in the literature are pinpointed. It should be noted that this review paper contains neither standards nor rules and regulations pertaining to septic tank and septic systems. The design information presented herein is intended as technical guidance. It is hoped that this review will serve as a basic source of information to those, besides academicians/ who are actively involved in the field.

Onsite Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Systems - Design Manual

This document provides information on generic types of onsi te wastewater treatment and disposal systems. It contains neither standards for those systems nor rules and regulations pertaining to onsite systems. The design information presented herein is intended as technical guidance reflective of sound, professional practice. The intended audience for the manual includes those involved in the design, construction, operation, maintenance, and regulation of onsite systems.