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SFD Thinking - A comparison of methods for excreta flow analysis: WHO/UNICEF JMP and SFD PI - SFD Promotion Initiative

Wherefrom do we get data on the sanitation status in cities and countries and what qualities do these data need to have to be relevant either for JMP reporting or to be used in developing an SFD for a given city? Against this background, the comparison of methods for excreta flow analysis gives an overview on the focus, purpose, methodologies, outputs and definitions of two approaches. On the one hand the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) and on the other hand the SFD approach, as developed by the SFD PI.

SFD Thinking - SFD creation process and impacts (Case of Nairobi, Kenya) - SFD Promotion Initiative

The SFD report produced for Nairobi City involved a broad array of stakeholders from the outset. This resulted in a high degree of cooperation, as participants “bought-in” to the concept, fully engaged in the development process and now collectively own the results.This ownership has increased awareness and acceptance of the sanitation realities of the City and provided a strong impetus for change.

SFD Thinking - SFDs going viral in Indonesia - SFD Promotion Initiative

Since 2017, each city/regency in Indonesia has been requested to incorporate an SFD graphic into the respective sanitation strategy document (SKK). Within 2017 already 134 cities and regencies submitted the SKK and . according to the Ministry of Public Works, another 46 documents from cities and regencies were expected in 2018.With the total number of 490 cities and regencies participating in the national Accelerated Sanitation Development for Human Settlements Program (PPSP) program, which had been introduced by the Government of Indonesia in 2009, more SFD graphics are likely to be produced in the future.

The cost of urban sanitation solutions - a literature review

The main objective of this paper is to review the literature on and compare the lifecycle costs of full sanitation chain systems in developing cities of Africa and Asia. Overall, financial cost reporting methodologies have been inconsistent and many studies only focus on capital costs or do not report cost data on desludging, transport and treatment. In addition, a comparative analysis of raw cost data across cities and countries would be of low utility, owing to the numerous determinants of costs (e.g. density, level of service) and their high sensitivity to local contexts. To circumvent this, this paper compares the cost ratios between different sanitation systems analysed in a same study. It concludes that conventional sewer systems are in most cases the most expensive sanitationoptions, followed, in order of cost, by sanitation systems comprising septic tanks, ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP), urine diversion dry toilets and pour-flush pit latrines. The cost of simplified sewer systems is found to be lower than both conventional sewer systems and septic tank-based systems, but lack of data prevented further comparisons with other types of sanitation solutions.

The SuSanA platform and the Shit Flow Diagram - tools to achieve more sustainable sanitation for all - A publication within: A BETTER WORLD Vol. 3: Ac...

Daniela Krahl of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ) has said that: “The water strategy of our Ministry is seen as a model because it addresses the spirit of the SDGs in a holistic manner, thus going beyond SDG 6. That is what we need today and that is why I like the excreta flow diagram. It brings people from different spheres together to understand a challenge that they can only solve together. A platform – the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) – has been formed to allow for discussion on sanitation at all levels, particularly with an inter-sectoral outlook, and with the aim to find equitable and sustainable solutions. That is why the Ministry is supporting cooperation in German development expertise on this platform, and is proud to see its positive impact.”

The SuSanA platform and the Shit Flow Diagram - tools to achieve more sustainable sanitation for all - A publication within: A BETTER WORLD Vol. 3: Ac...

Urban Onsite Sanitation and Faecal Sludge Management: Framework for Provision and Regulation in Zambia

In developing the framework for provision and regulation of urban onsite sanitation services, the National Water and Sanitation Council of Zambia (NWASCO) was mandated to facilitate and coordinate the consultative process under the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection (MWDSEP).The objective of this publication is to assist in the creation of a regulatory framework for onsite sanitation and faecal sludge management that supports the proper functioning of an integrated management system covering the whole sanitation chain. The regulation of service provision will ensure that faecal matter generated in onsite facilities is effectively contained, collected, transported, treated and disposed of in a safe manner to protect public health and the environment.

Value Chain of On-Site Sanitation Systems - Flash cards

The flash cards illustrate the existing and available technology options and processes across the entire value chain of on-site sanitation in Gujarat (for pour-flush user interface). The flash cards will be used as visual aids in the field to identify and evaluate existing systems and processes. These cards can also be used as tools to foster discussion with ULB officers on septage management in cities.The flashcards are organized according to thefollowing steps in the value chain:C Collection and storage/ treatment (local)Co Conveyance mechanismT (Semi) Centralized treatmentD Disposal or useProduced under Performance Assessment System Project supported by CEPT University and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Where there are no Sewers - Photoessays on Sanitation Work in Urban India

November 19 is World Toilet Day. Enormous progress has been made in the global effort to provide safe and affordable toilets for the world’s poorest citizens since World Toilet Day was first declared in 2001. Significant strides have been made in “reinventing” toilet designs for low-income, water-short, unsewered urban zones; celebrites such as Bill Gates and Matt Damon have brought this once-taboo topic into the open; and the Prime Minister of India--the country with the highest number of people still practising open defecation--has publicly declared that his country needs toilets over temples.Well over two billion people today lack access to basic sanitation facilities, according to the World Health Organization; about 760 million of them live in India. The goal of this Day is to make the global community aware of their right to safe and dignified sanitation and to support public action and public policy to bring this right closer to those who do not enjoy it today. In these photo essays, we focus on the back-end of the sanitation chain, on those who clean out latrines where there are no sewers to carry away the waste.

Addressing Urban Faecal Sludge and Septage Management - Capacity Needs Assessment

Recognising city-level capacity limitations for decentralised sanitation planning and implementation in India, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) appointed the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) as the anchor organisation for a Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP) to support cities in their sanitation planning and implementation. NIUA partnered with CAWST,2 a capacity development organisation, to design and initiate the SCBP with the goal of building the capacity of cities and relevant stakeholders working in urban sanitation. This effort is to ensure improved delivery of sanitation services through decentralised approaches, namely Faecal Sludge Management (FSSM). At the programme’s outset, MoUD identified six initial cities in three states to support in delivering FSSM. The six cities include Unnao and Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh, Proddatur and Gudur in Andhra Pradesh, and Hajipur and Bhagalpur in Bihar.This report is based on the assessments done for Unnao and Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh, Proddatur and Gudur in Andhra Pradesh, and Hajipur and Bhagalpur in Bihar in order to guide the development of their capacity building programmes.

Analysis of exposure pathways and measures to mitigate the emanating risk of sanitation options in coastal areas of islands in the south pacific - Mas...

Rural coastal areas of islands in the South Pacific are often characterized by shallow groundwater and are prone to floods. The prevalent pit-based sanitation (i.e. ‘bush’, Dry, and Pour-Flush Toilets) may cause microbiological and chemical groundwater contamination. Floods involve the risk of spreading pathogens in the environment and may cause toilets to be inoperable. Composting Toilets (i.e. Double Vault non-Urine-Diverting Toilet) have been piloted in several island states to overcome these problems as they are built above ground and contain the excreta in watertight vaults. Urine-Diverting Dry Toilets (UDDTs; i.e. Double Vault Urine-Diverting Dry Toilet) are constructed similarly, with the difference of urine and faeces being treated separately. Both alternatives offer the possibility of reusing their output products (urine, faeces or excreta) as fertilizer.This thesis assesses the applicability and emanating health risks of these three options under the given context. Each system was divided into its functional groups in order to identify exposure pathways and recommend measures to reduce the risk based on these entities. A focus was on the reuse-oriented systems’ reliability of treatment which determines the exposure during application of output products and consumption of products.

Assessing Lifecycle Costs and Benefits of Integrated Sanitation and Energy Recovery Strategies in low-income Countries (PhD thesis)

By mid-century, the global urban population is projected to increase by 2.4 billion people with 60% of growth expected to take place in cites of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA) (UN-DESA, 2015). These regions have some of the lowest rates of urban sanitation coverage and modern fuel access, with only 41% and 67% estimated to have access to improved sanitation and 19% and 55% estimated to use modern fuels for cooking in SSA and SA, respectively (WHO/UNICEF, 2015a; Legros, et al. 2009). In recent years, decentralized sewered and non-sewered sanitation management approaches have gained traction in low-income SSA and SA cities as alternatives to expensive and resource intensive conventional wastewater treatment. Energy recovery from domestic waste has also received increasing attention as a strategy to offset operational costs of sanitation services, provide alternative energy resources and reduce environmental impacts of waste treatment systems. Waste-to-energy technologies may simultaneously contribute to multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including achieving universal access to safely managed sanitation; universal access to modern, clean fuels; and integration of climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning including fostering low emissions development (UN, 2015). However, despite increasing adoption of alternative sewered and non sewered sanitation approaches and growing interest in energy recovery, little empirical evidence exists regarding the extent to which energy recovery may offset costs of sanitation systems and the long-term resource requirements, environmental impacts and financial costs and benefits of alternative sanitation approaches. This dissertation (1) provides empirical evidence on the costs and benefits of integrated sanitation and energy recovery strategies in low-income countries, (2) develops a lifecycle based framework to enable sanitation planners to systematically investigate the resource use, environmental impacts and financial costs and benefits of decentralized sewered and non-sewered sanitation approaches and (3) demonstrates application of this framework using primary data from operational sanitation systems in Zambia and India, thus also generating the first comprehensive analyses of decentralized sewered and non-sewered sanitation management in urban SSA and SA.

Beyond development aid: Sanitation financing & revenue models in reuse (human) waste - Conference Proceedings

The Institute for Fiscal Studies, in collaboration with WASTE, organized the conference “Beyond Development Aid: Sanitation Financing & Revenue Models in Reuse (human) Waste” in The Hague, Netherlands, the 15th of May 2017.This conference brought together from different parts of the world; academics, practicioners and policymakers with the aim to generate knowledge regarding sanitation financing and Revenue models on sludge reuse.