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Scaling City Institutions for India: Sanitation - Updates from SCI-FI project

This library entry contains several documents produced by the SCI-FI project which wa led by Shubhagato Dasgupta and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Name of lead organization: Centre for Policy ResearchPrimary contact at lead organization: Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior FellowGrantee location: New Delhi, IndiaDeveloping country where the research is being carried out: IndiaStart and end date: Phase 1: 14.11.2012 to 30.11.2015, Phase 2: 09.11.2015 to 31.12.2018The following documents are available for download below:- Presentation on evolution of sanitation policies and programs in India, FSM3 Conference in Hanoi (January 2015)- Manual Cleaning of Sewers and Septic tanks (September 2017)Content: In December 2013, the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act (“the Act”) was notified by the Central Government. The Act is a Parliamentary law, binding on all states. While an earlier 1993 law prohibited the employment of manual scavengers and construction of dry latrines, the strength of the new Act is that it brings hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks under its ambit. This brief focuses on the legal environment for manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks, a practice that has led to many deaths, most recently in Delhi, the national capital. Drawing on the Act and associated Rules, it examines the existing legal framework, and poses the following questions:What are the circumstances in which manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks is permissible?How is manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks to be carried out safely?What are the penal consequences of hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks?Who is responsible for enforcement of the Act?++++++++Further documents (download links are further down below):- Why Sanitation Policy Needs to Look Past Toilets (September 2017)- Capacity Building Needs Assessment of Cities (Angul and Dhenkanal) and State Government on Sanitation (March 2017)- Redefining Universal Sanitation a Gender Perspective (May 2018)

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Scaling City Institutions for India: Sanitation - Updates from SCI-FI project

This library entry contains several documents produced by the SCI-FI project which wa led by Shubhagato Dasgupta and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Name of lead organization: Centre for Policy ResearchPrimary contact at lead organization: Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior FellowGrantee location: New Delhi, IndiaDeveloping country where the research is being carried out: IndiaStart and end date: Phase 1: 14.11.2012 to 30.11.2015, Phase 2: 09.11.2015 to 31.12.2018The following documents are available for download below:- Presentation on evolution of sanitation policies and programs in India, FSM3 Conference in Hanoi (January 2015)- Manual Cleaning of Sewers and Septic tanks (September 2017)Content: In December 2013, the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act (“the Act”) was notified by the Central Government. The Act is a Parliamentary law, binding on all states. While an earlier 1993 law prohibited the employment of manual scavengers and construction of dry latrines, the strength of the new Act is that it brings hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks under its ambit. This brief focuses on the legal environment for manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks, a practice that has led to many deaths, most recently in Delhi, the national capital. Drawing on the Act and associated Rules, it examines the existing legal framework, and poses the following questions:What are the circumstances in which manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks is permissible?How is manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks to be carried out safely?What are the penal consequences of hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks?Who is responsible for enforcement of the Act?++++++++Further documents (download links are further down below):- Why Sanitation Policy Needs to Look Past Toilets (September 2017)- Capacity Building Needs Assessment of Cities (Angul and Dhenkanal) and State Government on Sanitation (March 2017)- Redefining Universal Sanitation a Gender Perspective (May 2018)

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Scaling City Institutions for India: Sanitation - Updates from SCI-FI project

This library entry contains several documents produced by the SCI-FI project which wa led by Shubhagato Dasgupta and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Name of lead organization: Centre for Policy ResearchPrimary contact at lead organization: Shubhagato Dasgupta, Senior FellowGrantee location: New Delhi, IndiaDeveloping country where the research is being carried out: IndiaStart and end date: Phase 1: 14.11.2012 to 30.11.2015, Phase 2: 09.11.2015 to 31.12.2018The following documents are available for download below:- Presentation on evolution of sanitation policies and programs in India, FSM3 Conference in Hanoi (January 2015)- Manual Cleaning of Sewers and Septic tanks (September 2017)Content: In December 2013, the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act (“the Act”) was notified by the Central Government. The Act is a Parliamentary law, binding on all states. While an earlier 1993 law prohibited the employment of manual scavengers and construction of dry latrines, the strength of the new Act is that it brings hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks under its ambit. This brief focuses on the legal environment for manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks, a practice that has led to many deaths, most recently in Delhi, the national capital. Drawing on the Act and associated Rules, it examines the existing legal framework, and poses the following questions:What are the circumstances in which manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks is permissible?How is manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks to be carried out safely?What are the penal consequences of hazardous cleaning of sewers and septic tanks?Who is responsible for enforcement of the Act?++++++++Further documents (download links are further down below):- Why Sanitation Policy Needs to Look Past Toilets (September 2017)- Capacity Building Needs Assessment of Cities (Angul and Dhenkanal) and State Government on Sanitation (March 2017)- Redefining Universal Sanitation a Gender Perspective (May 2018)

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Scaling Market-Based Sanitation: Desk Review on Market-Based Rural Sanitation Development Programs

Inadequate access to sanitation remains a significant problem globally and is linked to the transmission of numerous communicable diseases with a disproportionately large effect on children. The scale of investment required to deliver sanitation goods and services to those who lack access is beyond the capacity of public finance alone. The private sector has already proven itself a key player in the financing, construction, and operation of municipal water supply and wastewater systems in both developed and developing world settings, and has a significant role to play in the provision of onsite sanitation.This desk review describes the current state of knowledge in market-based sanitation (MBS) and establishes a framework to analyze, design, and improve MBS interventions. It is based on a survey of approximately 600 documents on MBS, in-depth research into 13 MBS intervention case studies across the global south, and interviews with sector experts and program personnel.

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SFD Case Story - The Shit Flow Diagram in Indonesia

Since 2017, each city/regency in Indonesia has been requested to incorporate an SFD graphic into the respective sanitation strategy document (SKK). Within 2017 already 134 cities and regencies submitted the SKK and . according to the Ministry of Public Works, another 46 documents from cities and regencies were expected in 2018.With the total number of 490 cities and regencies participating in the national Accelerated Sanitation Development for Human Settlements Program (PPSP) program, which had been introduced by the Government of Indonesia in 2009, more SFD graphics are likely to be produced in the future.

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SFD Lite Report - Chattogram, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Chattogram City Corporation is the Commercial Capital and second largest city in Bangladesh. Chattogram City Corporation is the Commercial Capital and second largest city in Bangladesh. The city corporation is divided into 41 wards. On July 31, 1990, it was named as Chittagong City Corporation. Later, in 2018, Chittagong was renamed as Chattogram. The city corporation has a total population of 2,582,401 and the total number of households in the city is 556,451. There is no centralised sewer in Chattogram City Corporation: 75% of on-site containment systems in Chattogram are septic tanks. The SFD graphic shows that 100% of the excreta is unsafely managed. All 100% of the excreta not properly managed originates from: supernatant not contained and not delivered to treatment (6%) and FS not contained from tanks and pits located in areas of high risk of groundwater pollution (9i%), out of which 23% consists of FS emptied but not delivered to treatment and 71% of FS not contained and not emptied.

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SFD Lite Report - Cumilla, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Cumilla city corporation stands on the bank of the river Gumti in Cumilla district. Cumilla City Corporation (CoCC) consists of 27 wards with current population 0.5 million and an area of 53.04 sq.km. Most of the population uses septic tanks (70%), and around 30% population uses toilet with pits. Of the 70% population in the City Corporation (CC) that is connected to septic tanks, around 43% is connected to open drains. About 17% of the population do not know where the sludge goes. Only 10% of the population use septic tanks, which are connected to soak pits, even though the specifications of the Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) state that it is not allowed to discharge the effluent of septic tanks into open water courses and a soak pit shall be installed, including the performance of soil percolation tests to determine the soil and site suitability.

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SFD Lite Report - Mymensingh, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Mymensingh is one of the districts of Mymensingh division. Mymensingh is governed by Mymensingh City Corporation which comprises of 21 wards. According to data from 2017 the total population of Mymensingh City Corporation is about 478,889, the population density is 1,163/Sq Km and the annual growth rate is 1.28%.The SFD assessment has shown that 100% of the excreta generated in the city are “unsafely managed”. Of the excreta generated, 10% is supernatant and 90% is faecal sludge. Both parts are not contained and end up being discharged to the environment untreated. 63% of the population’s excreta are eventually discharged into the environment from the systems and the remaining 28% of the population has emptied their tanks and pits at least once in the last 3 years.

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SFD Lite Report - Narayanganj, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC) is situated in the south of Dhaka city within the district of Narayanganj, part of Dhaka division. Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC) is the country’s 7th largest city corporation, established on 21st March 2011. Comprised of 27 wards, the city is approximately 72.43 sq. km with a population of 709,381.The SFD assessment has shown that 94% of the excreta generated are “unsafely managed”. 16% of the population’s excreta are composed of supernatant (SN) which is discharged directly to the environment untreated. 66% of the population’s excreta are not contained and 18% are contained in the technology.

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SFD Lite Report - Rajshahi, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) stands on the bank of the river Padma in Rajshahi districts. RCC was established in 1991. It comprises of 30 wards and total area is 96.72 sq. km. The total population of Rajshahi City Corporation is about 0.85 million with Population Density 4,318/Sq Km. In Rajshahi city, RWASA (Rajshahi Water Supply & Sewerage Authority) supplies water to meet the need of the water demand through a distribution network in Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) area. RWASA has a water supply pipeline network of 712.50 km through which it serves almost 70% people in the city corporation area. The city has no sewerage system; the whole population uses mainly onsite sanitation technologies. The SFD assessment has shown that, 90% of the excreta generated are “unsafely managed” and that there is no open defection found in the City Corporation.

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SFD Lite Report - Sylhet, Bangladesh - SFD Promotion Initiative

Sylhet, is a major city in north-eastern Bangladesh and is the capital of Sylhet Division. Sylhet City Corporation (SCC) was established in 2002. It comprises of 27 wards and the total area is 26.50 sq. km with a population of 270,606.The majority of the population use septic tanks (65%), around 20% uses toilets connected to lined tanks and pits and the rest (15%) use toilets discharging directly to open drains or storm sewers. About 15% of the population has no onsite containers. Less than 0.1% of the population practice open defecation. The frequency at which emptying occurs varies on the number of people using the facility, but the minimum time is every 6 months up to more than 5 years. 18% of the population did not require emptying their technology in the last 5 years. The SFD assessment has shown that 83% of the excreta generated are “unsafely managed”.

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SFD Lite Report - Wa, Ghana - SFD Promotion Initiative

The Upper West Region of Ghana is located in the north-western corner of Ghana with the Wa Municipality in the south-eastern part of the Upper West region. Currently, the total population of the Municipality stands at 127,284 and its population density is 542 persons per sq. km. The Municipality has an urban population growth rate of 4% as compared to the national urban growth rate of 3.4%. The commonest toilet facility is public toilet and is used by 37 percent of households in the Municipality. The use of WC is the second commonest. About 42 percent of the households in the Municipality have no toilet facility. The Wa Municipality is without a sewer system and most residents release wastewater into vacant open spaces and bush areas. The SFD shows that 10% of faecal sludge is safely managed.

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SFD Report - Alandi, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Alandi is a pilgrimage town and has a municipal council in Pune district. The population of town as per Census 2011 is 28,645 persons. The density of city is 4,188 persons per sq.km. which is very high as compared to the state average of 365 persons per sq.km. Slum population is 1,950 persons which constitutes 6.8% of the total population.According to census, Alandi is dependent on onsite sanitation systems, where 89% of households are dependent on septic tanks. Around 7% of the population depends on public toilets. The public latrines are connected to septic tanks and hence are incorporated in onsite systems.The analysis shows that excreta of 47% of the population are not being managed safely and only 53% corresponds to excreta safely managed.

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SFD Report - Battambang, Cambodia

Battambang is the capital city of Battambang province in north western Cambodia. The city is considered the commercial hub for Cambodias northwest, connecting the region to Phnom Penh and Thailand. Geographically, Battambang is situated in the Tonle Sap floodplain on the Sangkae River, a small tributary that feeds into the Tonle Sap lake. Defined by Battambang’ Land Use Master Plan, the municipality covers an area of 293 km2, consisting of urban, peri-urban and rural areas. Within the urban boundary, it is estimated that the population exceeds 150,000, and the population for the entire municipality, including its peri-urban and rural areas is approximately 197,000 (ADB, 2012).98% of the population in Battambang uses onsite sanitation systems, while the excreta from around 1% of the population ends up at a wastewater treatment plant. For Battambang, 62% of the excreta is managed safely, with around 38% considered unsafely managed.

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SFD Report - Bilwi, Nicaragua - SFD Promotion Initiative

Bilwi (also known as Puerto Cabezas) is located in the northeast of Nicaragua on the Caribbean coast. The current population size is estimated to be between 66,790 and 73,615 based on between 12,205 and 14,723 registered properties that are currently inhabited with an average population of five people per lot and a population density in the order of 15,000/km2. Bilwi has demonstrated an accelerated growth rate of more than 5% per year over more than a decade starting first in the 1980s as a result of the internal displacement caused by the civil war and continuing through the post-war period.Bilwi is currently characterized by an extremely deficient sanitation service chain where 100% of faecal sludge and supernatant is not safely managed. There is only on site sanitation technologies with no formal off-site services.