Biological Wastewater Treatment Series - Treatment Wetlands

Treatment wetlands are natural treatment technologies that efficiently treat many different types of polluted water. Treatment wetlands are engineered systems designed to optimise processes found in natural environments and are therefore considered environmentally friendly and sustainable options for wastewater treatment. Compared to other wastewater treatment technologies, treatment wetlands have low operation and maintenance (O&M) requirements and are robust in that performance is less susceptible to input variations. Treatment wetlands can effectively treat raw, primary, secondary or tertiary treated sewage and many types of agricultural and industrial wastewater. This volume focuses on domestic wastewater treatment using treatment wetlands.The target audience of this volume on treatment wetlands is bachelor students with basic knowledge on biological wastewater treatment, as well as practitioners seeking general information on the use of treatment wetlands.

BMZ Water Strategy - A key contribution to implementing the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement

Water and sanitation are key to implementing Agenda 2030 and the Paris climate agreement. The new water strategy of the Fed-eral Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) accounts for the importance of water in these global agreements. In the strategy, BMZ commits to contributing to creating a new dynamic in the sector necessary to reach SDG 6 and other water-related targets. Therefore, the ministry commits to expand its en-gagement in WASH, wastewater as well as climate sensitive wa-ter resources management (WRM). BMZ aims to expand its activi-ties in water security by one third.

BMZ Water Strategy - A key contribution to implementing the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement

Water and sanitation are key to implementing Agenda 2030 and the Paris climate agreement. The new water strategy of the Fed-eral Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) accounts for the importance of water in these global agreements. In the strategy, BMZ commits to contributing to creating a new dynamic in the sector necessary to reach SDG 6 and other water-related targets. Therefore, the ministry commits to expand its en-gagement in WASH, wastewater as well as climate sensitive wa-ter resources management (WRM). BMZ aims to expand its activi-ties in water security by one third.

BMZ Water Strategy - A key contribution to implementing the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement

Water and sanitation are key to implementing Agenda 2030 and the Paris climate agreement. The new water strategy of the Fed-eral Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) accounts for the importance of water in these global agreements. In the strategy, BMZ commits to contributing to creating a new dynamic in the sector necessary to reach SDG 6 and other water-related targets. Therefore, the ministry commits to expand its en-gagement in WASH, wastewater as well as climate sensitive wa-ter resources management (WRM). BMZ aims to expand its activi-ties in water security by one third.

Climate-resilient water safety plans - Managing health risks associated with climate variability and change

Medium- and long-term planning for an adequate and safe supply of drinking-water should be set in the context of growing external uncertainties arising from changes in the climate and environment. The water safety plan (WSP) process offers a systematic framework to manage these risks by considering the implications of climate variability and change. This document provides guidance on how climate considerations can be integrated into water safety planning to provide greater resilience to the current and predicted impacts of climate change and variability on water supplies. The guidance is supported by numerous practical examples of climate resilient water safety planning from both lower and higher income settings.The guidance is intended to help water suppliers and WSP teams who have already committed to using the WSP approach and are developing and implementing WSPs to gain greater understanding of climate change and how it can be considered and addressed in the WSP process. This document will also be useful to other stakeholders, particularly health and environment agencies who are supporting WSP implementation.Long-term planning for an adequate and safe supply of drinking-water should be set inthe context of growing external uncertainties arising from changes in the climate andenvironment. The water safety plan (WSP) process offers a systematic framework to managethese risks by considering the implications of climate variability and change.This document is intended to help water suppliers and WSP teams who have alreadycommitted to using the WSP approach and are developing and implementing WSPs to gaingreater understanding of climate change and how it can be considered and addressed in theWSP process. This document will also be useful to other stakeholders, particularly healthand environment agencies who are supporting WSP implementation. It discusses how totake into consideration the broader issues of climate change, regional climate vulnerabilityassessments, disaster risk reduction and integrated water resources management within theWSP process. The details of how this is done for any particular WSP depend upon localcircumstances.The document identifies opportunities to enhance the WSP process and outcomes byconsidering the provision of safe water in sufficient quantity under changed futureconditions and extreme weather events that may become more frequent and severe as theclimate changes.This guidance is aligned with the WSP modules as described in the World HealthOrganization/International Water Association Water safety plan manual. Therefore, thisdocument is intended to be used in conjunction with the Water safety plan manual toensure that climate change is considered as part of the WSP comprehensive risk assessment,management and continual improvement process.The document presents the current state of knowledge on the impacts of climate changeon the water cycle, drawing on information in the scientific literature, particularly theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report.The document describes those modules of the Water safety plan manual where climatevariability and change should be explicitly considered to ensure effective management ofthese risks through the WSP process. These modules are 1 (“Assemble the WSP team”),2 (“Describe the water supply system”), 3–5 (“Identify hazards and hazardous events andassess the risks”, “Determine and validate control measures, reassess and prioritize therisks”, and “Develop, implement and maintain an improvement/upgrade plan”), 8 (“Preparemanagement procedures”) and 9 (“Develop supporting programmes”). Key activities to beundertaken to support inclusion of climate change-related risks are described below.The WSP team should consider past climate-related events that negatively affected the watersupply system and learn about climate projections that could impact hazards and risks forthe water supply system in the future. As described in modules 1 and 2 (sections 5.1 and 5.2of this document), WSP teams may need to draw on expertise and information from other parties, such as specialists in hydrology and climatology, to understand potential climatechange impacts in the context of their water supply.When identifying hazards, assessing risks and planning improvements, as described inmodules 3–5 (sections 5.3 and 5.4 of this document), WSP teams need to take a broad viewof the potential risks. Changes in the climate feed into changes in environmental and socialsystems, which can impact the nature of the hazards and exposures ordinarily consideredand introduce new hazards. Both the likelihood and severity of the consequences arisingfrom the hazard or hazardous event are likely to change due to climate variability and change.Modules 8 and 9 (section 5.6 of this document) of the Water safety plan manual cover thedevelopment of management procedures and supporting programmes. At a broad level thesemodules include developing programmes to build the institutional and individual capacityof water suppliers to manage risks associated with water scarcity and reliability in additionto water quality risks. These programmes include management procedures, for exampleemergency response plans (such as flood or drought management plans). The programmescan be used to bring together stakeholders from different disciplines to support a morecatchment-based and holistic approach to managing water resources, for more resilientwater supplies.When considering climate change, and seeking to adapt to the change and improve resilienceto increased climatic variability, the WSP team may identify opportunities and practices towork in partnership with others and influence their plans and programmes where theserelate to the scope and implementation of the WSP.Additional sources of information, detailed case studies and examples are providedthroughout the document and as annexes at the end.

Contribution of sustainable sanitation to the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development - SuSanA Vision Document 2017

The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) was formed in 2007 with the aim of promoting and lobbying for sustainability in sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Over the last 10 years SuSanA has made a significant contribution to sector development, with sector actors now focussing increasingly on the sustainability of sanitation services in a variety of ways. Whilst globally significant achievements were made for many of the MDGs, progress was uneven between the MDGs and across regions and countries. The MDG target for sanitation was the one missed by the widest margin, highlighting the urgency for increased action in the sanitation sector. The lack of knowledge and capacities at all levels was one of the many reasons for this failure with huge health and economic consequences. Consequently, 2.5 billion people world-wide still remain without access to improved sanitation (with 1 billion of them practicing open defecation) and a huge proportion of faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems and of wastewater from urban areas is discharged to the environment or reused without any treatment.At the UN Summit in New York in September 2015, the United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to succeed the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The purpose of this document is to explain how SuSanA plans to respond to the change from the MDGs to the SDGs and contribute to the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development.

Contribution of sustainable sanitation to the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development - SuSanA Vision Document 2017

The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) was formed in 2007 with the aim of promoting and lobbying for sustainability in sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Over the last 10 years SuSanA has made a significant contribution to sector development, with sector actors now focussing increasingly on the sustainability of sanitation services in a variety of ways. Whilst globally significant achievements were made for many of the MDGs, progress was uneven between the MDGs and across regions and countries. The MDG target for sanitation was the one missed by the widest margin, highlighting the urgency for increased action in the sanitation sector. The lack of knowledge and capacities at all levels was one of the many reasons for this failure with huge health and economic consequences. Consequently, 2.5 billion people world-wide still remain without access to improved sanitation (with 1 billion of them practicing open defecation) and a huge proportion of faecal sludge from on-site sanitation systems and of wastewater from urban areas is discharged to the environment or reused without any treatment.At the UN Summit in New York in September 2015, the United Nations Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to succeed the eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The purpose of this document is to explain how SuSanA plans to respond to the change from the MDGs to the SDGs and contribute to the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development.

Drying and Pasteurisation of VIP Latrine Faecal Sludge using a Bench Scale Medium Infrared Machine - Master thesis from the Pollution Research Group,...

Equality and non-discrimination (EQND) in sanitation programmes at scale, Part 1 of 2 - Frontiers of CLTS: Innovations and Insights 10

This issue of Frontiers of CLTS shares and builds on the learning from the GSF EQND study, which examined EQND in relation to sanitation programmes being implemented at scale. It draws on existing global experience and looks at who should be considered potentially disadvantaged and how they can participate. It explores what the challenges may be if CLTS does not actively ensure that the potentially disadvantaged are involved and considered at each step. It concludes with suggested good practices that would strengthen the processes to the benefit of all.This issue of Frontiers of CLTS supports the movement to ensure the human rights to water and sanitation and the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) on including the hardest to reach, leaving noone behind and ensuring water and sanitation for all.

Faecal Sludge Management - The pathway to ‘Clean India’? - A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by India Sanitation Coalition and SuSanA

Faecal Sludge Management in Kampala, Uganda - Project insights from GIZ Uganda

The sanitation situation in most of Kampala can be summarized as follows: About 90% of it’s population relies on on-site sanitation facilities (pit latrines and septic tanks) whereas 50% of households share one sanitation facility, leading to unhygienic conditions.More than 50% of pit-latrines are un-lined and filled with solid waste and only 20 – 25% of the toilets have ever been emptied by a service provider, the rest have either been abandoned or been emptied directly into the environment, posing health and environmental risks for the city and its people.Against this backdrop, GIZ began to support Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) and other key stakeholders in 2012 to improve the sanitation sector of Kampala, with funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). This document highlights selected activities from the period 2015 – 2017, which were co-financed by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

Faecal Sludge Management in Kampala, Uganda - Project insights from GIZ Uganda

The sanitation situation in most of Kampala can be summarized as follows: About 90% of it’s population relies on on-site sanitation facilities (pit latrines and septic tanks) whereas 50% of households share one sanitation facility, leading to unhygienic conditions.More than 50% of pit-latrines are un-lined and filled with solid waste and only 20 – 25% of the toilets have ever been emptied by a service provider, the rest have either been abandoned or been emptied directly into the environment, posing health and environmental risks for the city and its people.Against this backdrop, GIZ began to support Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) and other key stakeholders in 2012 to improve the sanitation sector of Kampala, with funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). This document highlights selected activities from the period 2015 – 2017, which were co-financed by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).

Farmer attitudes and perceptions to the re–use of fertiliser products from resource–oriented sanitation systems - The case of Vellore, South India

Abstract:Relatively little research has been conducted to date on farmer attitudes towards the use of fertilisers from resource–oriented sanitation systems. This study employed a psycho–sociological approach to identify factors that encourage, or discourage, negative and positive attitudes to human waste recycling among farmers in southern India. A survey involving face–to–face interviews was performed with 120 randomly sampled farmers, taking into account the following factors: gender, age, religion, caste, type of farming, farm size, annual income and farming history. Variations in variables (?2 and ANOVA) were considered statistically significant if p–value was ificant factors among farmers with a negative attitude. Furthermore, the survey responses indicated that besides socio–demographic factors, other factors such as ‘trust’ might have to be taken into consideration when planning and implementing nutrient recycling programmes. Early dialogue, continuous interaction and integration of user stakeholders (producers and consumers) in conceptualisation, design and implementation of nutrient recycling programmes are essential to ensure future success and wider adoption.

Financing Sanitation Paper Series Nr.4

In the world of sanitation, cost is often mentioned as important though seldom scrutinized. Perhaps strange is one considers that cost is one of the main reported reasons for people not having a toilet. Reducing costs while maintaining quality is a key driver of WASTE’s sanitation programmes. Yet even in our own programmes it is notoriously difficult to compare costs of sanitation systems within countries, let alone between countries. There are several reasons for this, people use different systems, different units, and currencies. Most complex though is the local context of sanitation, dry systems, wet systems, high groundwater tables etc. But what if we could disentangle the context, can cost comparisons be made possible? Through the sanitation decision support tool, an attempt was made to make rational sanitation decision based on contextual factors, yet costs have not been added yet. IRC tried another route through Life Cycle Analysis Cost. Cost comparisons remain difficult though. As we are working with banks and micro finance institutions and they have to develop financial products, we needed to find a solution for this. This paper describes our solution.To get more insight in an important element in household sanitation, its actual cost, we (Valentin Post and Vijay Athreye) have written this paper. The paper gives bills of quantities (different sanitation system). For local context, the cheap motorcycle index is introduced. Without our contributors Henock Belete Afaw, G. Anand, Abhijit Banerji, Jacqueline Barendse, Pamela Bundi, John Harrison, Kajetan Hetzer, George Kimathi, Stan Maessen, Ruth Miskelly, Martin Muchangi, Ger Pannekoek, Alix Reichenecker, John Sauer & Theo Brouwers, this paper would not have seen the light of day.

FSM Innovation Case Studies - Case Studies on the Business, Policy and Technology of Faecal Sludge Management (second edition)

Worldwide, 2.7 billion people rely on onsite sanitation and more than 4.5 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services. Yet, in many places there is still no management system in place to deal with the faecal sludge (e.g. septage and pit latrine sludge) from such systems. This results in the faecal waste often being dumped directly into the immediate residential surrounding areas, neighbourhood or downstream environment, with significant health and environmental implications. Creating faecal sludge management (FSM) public services and infrastructure that work for everyone, to keep faecal sludge out of the environment and protect public health, is a new major challenge for achieving universal sanitation access as acknowledged by the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations at its General Assembly of September 25, 2015.To address this challenge, a global platform for FSM discussion and learning was created in 2011 by leading global sector organizations. The aim was to share experiences, brainstorm potential solutions and formulate evidence-based policy recommendations that promote appropriate practices. At the same time, the plan was to identify and disseminate lessons learned on how to make FSM an integral part of urban sanitation service delivery – in cities and towns both with and without sewerage systems. International FSM conferences have played a key part in this global platform and have grown in size and reach. Most recently, FSM4 was held in Chennai, India in 2017 and attracted over 1000 participants. Previous conferences were held in Hanoi (2015) and in Durban (2011 and 2012). The conferences bring together professionals working in the sector, including utilities, service providers, cities, governments, academics, scientists, consultants, donors and industries, to support the global initiative of disseminating sustainable solutions for FSM. FSM5 will be held in Africa in the third week of February 2019.The opening chapter provides a critical analysis of the experiencesof developing FSM programmes at scale from morethan 20 cities. It summarized the lessons learnedand important ‘do’s and don’ts’ for policymakers,managers, experts, donors or service providers whoare in the process of developing or funding improvedFSM services.The examples in the second edition are from:• Africa: Mozambique (Maputo), Kenya (national),Senegal (Dakar), South Africa (eThekwini), Uganda(Kampala), Zambia (Lusaka)• Asia: Bangladesh (Dhaka, Faridpur and Shakhipur),India (Warangal), Indonesia (Balikpapan, Bekasi,Malang and Tabanan), Malaysia (national, PenangIsland and Kota Bharu), and Philippines (Dumagueteand Manila).With contributions from Safaris Ahmad, Nick Alcock,Najib Bateganya, Noémie de La Brosse, John Busingye,Jude Byansi, Srivanas Chary, Becaye Sidy Diop,Alexandrea Dubois, Teddy Gounden, Sophia Hibler,Asri Indiyani, Maraita Listyasari, Adriano Madamuge,Aldy Mardikanto, Orlando Matendjua, Doreen Mbalo,Mbaye Mbéguéré, Zito Mugabe, Odete Muximpua,Dorai Narayana, Suman Kanti Nath, Allan Nkurunziza,Simon Okoth, Björn Pietruschka, Malini Reddy,Rosie Renouf, Reini Siregar, Dave Robbins, Janka Rokob,Aubrey Simwambi, Julia Stricker and Jusper RonohThere are 14 files for download, because not everyone will want to read the full document of 150+ pages. The separate files enables people to easily access a specific FSM country case study and the overall analysis and summary, without downloading everything. Also because each case study is authoured by different people, it means everyone has a publication in their name.The first file below is the complete document.Download below:1. FSM Innovation: Case Studies on the Business, Policy and Technology of Faecal Sludge Management – full document, authors: Blackett, I. and Hawkins, P. 2. Overview and Analysis: Implementing FSM Services: Emerging Examples of Success, Peter Hawkins and Isabel Blackett3. Tackling the Second-Generation Sanitation Challenge at Scale: Business Solutions for Inclusive Faecal Sludge Management in Bangladesh, Noémie de La Brosse, Rosie Renouf, Suman Kanti Nath4. Towards a Model Sanitation City: Operationalizing FSM Regulations in Warangal, V. S. Chary, Y. M. Reddy, S. Ahmad5. Moving Towards Improved Urban Septage Management at Scale in Indonesia, A. K. Mardikanto, A. Indiyani, M. Listyasari, R. Siregar6. Scaling up Faecal Sludge Management in Kenya’s Urban Areas, S. O. Okoth, J. K. Ronoh, A. Dubois, D. Mbalo7. Sanitation and Sewerage Management: The Malaysian Experience, Dorai Narayana8. Emerging Lessons on FSM from Maputo, Mozambique, O. Muximpua, P. Hawkins, J. Stricker, Z. Mugabe, O. Matendjua, A. Madamuge9. City-Wide Fecal Sludge Management Programs in the Philippines, Robbins, D.10. Dakar: Organising the Faecal Sludge Market, Becaye Sidy Diop and Mbaye Mbéguéré11. Sustainable FSM Services through Integrated Use of Resources and Innovative Technologies: A Case Study of the eThekwini Municipality (Durban) South Africa, T. Gounden and N. Alcock12. Leveraging FSM to Close the Urban Sanitation Loop in Kampala, G. Nkurunziza, Dr. N. L. Bateganya, J. Z. Byansi, J. Rokob, J. Busingye13. Approaches to Faecal Sludge Management in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study in the City of Lusaka, Simwambi, A., Hibler, S., Pietruschka, B., Hawkins, P.14. FSM4 Case Studies (1st Edition), various authors