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A comparison of methods for excreta flow analysis: WHO/UNICEF JMP and SFD PI

Wherefrom do we get data on the sanitation status in cities and countries and what qualities do these data need to have to be relevant either for JMP reporting or to be used in developing an SFD for a given city?Against this background, the comparison of methods for excreta flow analysis gives an overview on the focus, purpose, methodologies, outputs and definitions of two approaches. On the one hand the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) and on the other hand the SFD approach, as developed by the SFD PI.

Compendium of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies - 1st Edition

Appropriate and adequate sanitation solutions are crucial for the protection of human health in emergencies. In recent years there has been an increasing number of sanitation innovations, appropriate for a variety of humanitarian contexts and a stronger sector focus on the entire sanitation service chain (from the toilet via collection and conveyance to the final treatment and safe disposal and/or reuse).Building on these developments, the Compendium of Sanitation Technologies in Emergencies provides a comprehensive, structured and user-friendly manual and planning guide for sanitation solutions in emergency settings. It compiles a wide range of information on tried and tested technologies in a single document and gives a systematic overview of existing and emerging sanitation technologies.This publication is primarily a capacity building tool and reference book. In addition, it supports and enables decision making by providing the necessary framework for developing a sanitation system design. It gives concise information on key decision criteria for each technology, facilitating the combination of technologies to come up with full sanitation system solutions. Furthermore this compendium prioritises linking the sanitation technology selection with relevant cross-cutting issues, thereby promoting access to safe sanitation for all.

Efficacy and effectiveness of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in emergencies in low- and middle-income countries - a systematic review

There are increasing numbers of people affected by natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and conflict. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are used in nearly all emergency responses to help reduce disease risk. However, there is a lack of summarized evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of these interventions. We conducted a systematic review of the published and grey literature on the efficacy and effectiveness of short-term WASH interventions in emergency response in low- and middle-income countries, including; developing theory of change models; setting inclusion criteria; conducting the search; selecting evaluations for inclusion; assessing the quality of the evidence; and analysing the included evaluations. Overall, 15,026 documents were identified and 106 studies describing 114 evaluations met inclusion criteria. Interventions from 39 countries were included. Most included evaluations (77 percent) had a high risk of bias and half were from grey literature (50 percent). For the majority of interventions, we found that WASH interventions consistently reduced both the risk of disease and transmission in emergency contexts; however, programme design and beneficiary preferences were important considerations to ensure WASH intervention efficacy and effectiveness. Critical programme design characteristics included simple interventions that were appropriately timed, community-driven, and had linkages between relief and development. Barriers and facilitators to WASH interventions in outbreak response were taste and smell of treated water, communication methods, inaccurate perception of efficacy, and trust/fear. Foundational research is needed on commonly implemented, under-researched interventions, as well as investigating the relative cost-effectiveness of emergency WASH interventions

Emergency Environmental Health Forum 2018 - Event Report

The Event Report of 2018’s Emergency Environmental Health Forum, which took place in Berlin, summarises all the presentations, keynote speeches, panel discussions and recent key findings from practice and academia. New research and innovations in the sanitation sector were presented and approaches elaborated that aim at bridging knowledge silos between WASH and other humanitarian sectors. The report features Parliamentary State Secretary Norbert Barthle’s welcome speech who emphasised that in order to foster and provide sustainable sanitation also in emergency situations, development cooperation and humanitarian assistance have to work closer together. The event was hosted by the German WASH Network in close collaboration with the Secretariat of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) at GIZ. Its findings and the dedication to the topic by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development represent major advances for the sanitation sector and its intersection with emergency aid

Empowering Marginalized Groups - Convergence Between SBM and DAY-NULM

Empowering Marginalized Groups- Convergence Between SBM and DAY-NULM is a guideline on convergence between Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana -National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM). The guidelines are a ready reckoner for the government functionaries at the national, state and Urban Local Body (ULB) level to bring recognition to sanitation as a major livelihood sector for the urban poor candidates. The convergence guidelines detail out models that will encourage SHGs to take up sanitation related livelihoods that are practically feasible to implement on ground, encourage SHG members to access loans from institutions with low interest rate. It encompasses upgraded livelihoods; by way of formal jobs as well as enterprises in the sanitation sector by responding to the rapidly rising demand for skilled workforce in the sanitation sector.

Faecal Sludge and Septage Management: An Orientation Module

The Handbook is an initiative of Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP) to build capacities in Feacal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) for officials of urban local bodies (ULB), para state technical agencies, administrators and professionals from the private sector and Non-governmental Organizations. It is meant to be freely used by any can organization (public or private), national and state level training institutes, AMRUT and SBM Training institutes: for conducting a one to one and a half day basic Orientation Training on FSSM. The Handbook presents the key learning elements for the basic training module in a narrative format covering the aspect of: urbanization trend, urban sanitation concepts, Open Defecation Free (ODF) priorities, terminologies, technologies, financing and behaviour change, in the urban sanitation policy and program framework of India.The Handbook has been developed based on the experience of delivering FSSM trainings to ULB officials by NIUA and SCBP partners in 2016-17. Achieving ODF towns and cities, and sustaining them, will remain a challenge for many states. This Module attempts to bridge the ODF and ODF+ (FSSM and grey water treatment) challenges that India faces.The Handbook is Part A of the Basic FSSM Orientation Module. The other two Parts (B & C) are available on request.The module gives an overview of the Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP), handbook, training module, agenda, pre-evaluation forms and learning notes. Apart from this, the module encompasses the following 5 sessions:• Urban Sanitation and Fundamentals of FSSM• Planning for FSSM at Town level – Containment & Conveyance• Septage Treatment and Reuse/Disposal• Planning for FSSM and its Financing• IEC & BCC for FSSM

Faecal Sludge and Septage Treatment - A guide for Low and Middle Income Countries

This book deals with the treatment of faecal material and supernatant water removed from on-site and decentralized sanitation facilities and systems. Its main focus is on treatment facility design but this can never be viewed in isolation. Rather, it must reflect local conditions, start from a realistic assessment of the load on the plant, and take account of the final destination of the liquid and solid products of treatment. With this in mind, the first part of the book provides general guidance on the ways in which the context will influence treatment plant choices and designs, and sets out the steps to be followed when planning for a new or improved treatment facility. Later chapters focus on the selection and design of systems for the treatment of faecal material removed from on-site and decentralized sanitation facilities. The early chapters should be of interest to municipal planners and engineers with treatment plant design responsibilities. The later, more technical, chapters will be of interest mainly to design engineers. Those with more general interests should also benefit from reading the short review sections that conclude each chapter other than this introductory chapter.

Gramalaya in India Sanitation Case Study

CAWST’s Sanitation Case Studies give detailed overviews of different latrine programs. Each case study describes how the implementer(s) addressed seven components of latrine programs, and what challenges they have faced.

Gramalaya in India Sanitation Case Study

Guidance for using the SFD Graphic Generator

The three guidance documents serve the purpose to facilitate and enhance the usage of the SFD Graphic Generator (GG). The "Classification Tool" helps SFD producers to select the most appropriate sanitation systems from the SFD Selection Grid. A support to the step 2 of the SFD GG, the estimation of the proportion of contents of each type of onsite container (tank or pit) which is faecal sludge, is provided in the "Understanding the SFD Graphic Generator". The procedure to upload Json files of existing SFDs to the GG is described in the document "Downloading / Uploading JSON files".

Guidance for using the SFD Graphic Generator

Mechanical Dewatering for Fecal Sludge Treatment Applications - Process & Technology Review

This article is a synthesis of experience operating mechanical dewatering equipment and vetting tens of technologies. The article includes comparative costs as well as design and operational considerations. The views on the benefits and potential challenges associated with deploying mechanical dewatering technologies are also presented.

Mechanical Dewatering for Fecal Sludge Treatment Applications Process & Technology Review

When properly designed and sized, WSPs deliver high quality effluent at marginal running costs. Their minimal maintenance requirements make them relatively hard to break – the textbook example of “appropriate technology”.The simplicity and elegance of natural treatments systems will always have a special place in the hearts of many sanitation engineers but their large footprint has made them increasingly difficult to site in rapidly growing cities. Furthermore, trends toward resource recovery are changing the calculus for “appropriate technology”; these days, maximizing net financial recovery may trump achieving the bare minimum operating cost.This article is a synthesis of years of experience operating mechanical dewatering equipment and vetting tens of technologies. The article includes comparative costs as well as design and operational considerations.