Public Private Partnerships for sustainable sludge management services in Faridpur, Bangladesh - Various documents on results from research grant

Recommendations concerning the scaling-up-potential of BORDA-DEWATS wastewater treatment in the urban context of Kabul, Afghanistan

The principal objective of this document is to assess the scaling-up-potential of DEWATS technology and to identify bottle-necks which need to be addressed to improve sanitation in an urban environment that is widely deprived from proper sanitation services.The following assessment is based on the Technology-Applicability-Framework (TAF) developed by SKAT, Switzerland and was conducted in Kabul, Afghanistan in 2015.

Sanitation in Mongolia - Experiences, Challenges and Recommendations

This work was motivated by the fact that sanitation in areas not served by water and sewer infrastructure has not registered a visible improvement during the last ten, fifteen years in Mongolia. This is true both at Soum or Aimag level as well as at Ulaanbaatar level where 65% of the population, approximately 180.000 household relies on unimproved pit latrines characterized by very poor construction and poor hygiene conditions. Bigger effort in fact was put in the improvement of water access and, at least at Ulaanbaatar Municipal level, in the expansion of the water infrastructure. How to trigger household’s motivation to improve their sanitation facilities? What’s the role of the WaSH actors in this process? In the framework of the report the following recommendation to optimize the sanitation sector are proposed and further discussed:Recommendation 1: revision of the legal frameworkRecommendation 2: wash actors soundly coordinate and establish a sanitation coalition to promote solutions for onsite sanitation Recommendation 3: advocate and campaign on sanitation as a mean to improve Mongolian citizens’ living standards Recommendation 4: launch of national programs on improvement of sanitation in human settlements not served by water and sewer infrastructures.

Sanitation paradigm shift with dry toilet solutions at music festivals in Germany - Dry Toilet 2015

Sanitisation of faecal sludge by ammonia - Treatment technology for safe reuse in agriculture

Faecal sludge contains valuable plant nutrients and can be used as a fertiliser in agriculture, instead of being emitted as a pollutant. As this involves a risk of pathogen transmission, it is crucial to inactivate the pathogens in faecal sludge. One treatment alternative is ammonia sanitisation, as uncharged ammonia (NH?) inactivates pathogens. The aim of this thesis was to study how the pathogen inactivation depends on treatment factors, mainly NH? concentration, temperature and storage time, and based on this to make treatment recommendations that ensure pathogen inactivation. Salmonella inactivation was rapid and could be eliminated within a few days. Reovirus and adenovirus were inactivated more slowly than that, but more rapidly than bacteriophages PhiX174, 28B and MS2. Ascaris eggs were generally inactivated more slowly than the other studied organisms, especially at low temperatures (addition of ammonia. The addition can be urea, which is a common mineral fertiliser that hydrolyses to ammonia and carbonate through the enzyme urease found in faeces. Ammonia sanitisation of faecal sludge is a simple and robust technology enabling a high degree of pathogen inactivation. This can considerably reduce the health risk for farmers, food consumers and downstream populations. It is important to minimise flush water volumes in order to reduce the treatment costs.

Sanitisation of faecal sludge by ammonia - Treatment technology for safe reuse in agriculture

Faecal sludge contains valuable plant nutrients and can be used as a fertiliser in agriculture, instead of being emitted as a pollutant. As this involves a risk of pathogen transmission, it is crucial to inactivate the pathogens in faecal sludge. One treatment alternative is ammonia sanitisation, as uncharged ammonia (NH?) inactivates pathogens. The aim of this thesis was to study how the pathogen inactivation depends on treatment factors, mainly NH? concentration, temperature and storage time, and based on this to make treatment recommendations that ensure pathogen inactivation. Salmonella inactivation was rapid and could be eliminated within a few days. Reovirus and adenovirus were inactivated more slowly than that, but more rapidly than bacteriophages PhiX174, 28B and MS2. Ascaris eggs were generally inactivated more slowly than the other studied organisms, especially at low temperatures (addition of ammonia. The addition can be urea, which is a common mineral fertiliser that hydrolyses to ammonia and carbonate through the enzyme urease found in faeces. Ammonia sanitisation of faecal sludge is a simple and robust technology enabling a high degree of pathogen inactivation. This can considerably reduce the health risk for farmers, food consumers and downstream populations. It is important to minimise flush water volumes in order to reduce the treatment costs.

SFD Executive Summary Aizawl India - Draft

Aizawl is the capital of Mizoram State located in the east of the Himalayan region of India. The density of the city, 2,823 persons per sq. km, is higher compared to state average, 52 persons per sq. km. 92% of the city depend on onsite sanitation systems and 8% of the city on offsite systems. There is no wastewater treatment leading to unsafe management of faecal sludge and wastewater.Date of production: 29/07/2015Last update: 25/08/2015

SFD Executive Summary Cuttack India - Draft

Cuttack lies in the east coast plains of India; it is the capital and one of the oldest cities of Odisha. Population of the city reaches 606,007 persons, who are mainly dependent on malfunctioning septic tanks and pits. Only 32% of faecal sludge and wastewater is safely managed.Date of production: 28/07/2015Last update: 25/08/2015

SFD Executive Summary Srikakulam India - Draft

Srikakulam is located in the state of Andhra Pradesh and is an important administrative and commercial center. The population of city is 133,911 persons. Lack of sewerage network, sewage treatment plant, malfunctioning septic tanks and pits as well as open defection are the causes of excreta being unsafely managed.Date of production: 31/07/2015Last update: 25/08/2015

SFD Report - Agra, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Agra, the former capital of India is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. There is sewerage network which covers half of the population. Rest of the city is majorly dependent on septic tanks which are generally not adhering to design prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).Date of production: 21/10/2015Last update: 29/01/2016

SFD Report - Bignona, Senegal - SFD Promotion Initiative

Bignona and Tenghory Trans-Gambian are in the region of Casamance, Senegal. The study area is comprised of seven districts (six in Bignona, one is the neighboring district ofTenghory Trans-Gambian in the municipality of Tenghory). These seven districts have a total area of 10.5 km². The population sums up to 44,783 with an annual population growth rate of 2.7%. The average population density is 4,300 people per km², ranging between 16,000 (Bassène) and 2,000 (South Manguiline). In Bignona there are no existing sewer systems. The city relies fully on onsite sanitation technologies with the majority of the population (49%) utilizing so-called traditional pit latrines (unlined pits). For Bignona it is estimated that 66% of the excreta is not managed safely, thus only 34% of the excreta is considered safely managed.Date of production: 08/12/2015Last update: 09/03/2016

SFD Report - Bikaner, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Sixty-four percent of Bikaner’s city (population of 644,406 people) depends on offsite systems, 31% depends on onsite sanitation systems (OSS), mainly septic tanks, while 5% of population practices open defecation. The city has three Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) where 41% of the waste water is treated but there are not treatment facilities for septage. One private emptier is responsible for septage management, providing services within the city and some rural areas nearby.Date of production: 01/08/2015Last update: 26/01/2016

SFD Report - Danang, Vietnam - SFD Promotion Initiative

Danang is located at the South Central Coast of Vietnam. It is the fourth most populated city in the country with approximately 1,007,400 inhabitants in 2014 (GSO 2015). The total land area of the city is 1,285 km2, including 65 km2 of residential area (GSO 2015). Sixty-two percent (62%) of the excreta flow was classified as unsafe management along the sanitation service chain (containment, emptying, transport and/or treatment). Good transportation of the faecal sludge to a treatment plant followed by it being treated is crucial for improving the excreta flow in Danang.The Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) was created through desk-based research by Sandec (Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste forDevelopment) of Eawag (the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology) with the support of the Kyoto University, Japan, The University of Danang, Vietnam and the Danang University of Technology, Vietnam.Date of production: 13/11/2015Last update: 16/12/2015

SFD Report - Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - SFD Promotion Initiative

Dar es Salaam lies on the coast of the Indian Ocean and is the largest city and economic hub of Tanzania (DCC, 2004). The 2015 population is estimated to have reached more than 5 million inhabitants (NBS,2013). In Dar es Salaam, it was estimated that 43% of excreta is managed safely while 57% of the excreta ends up directly in the environment without adequate treatment.This Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) Report was created through field-based research by Sandec (the Department of Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development) at Eawag (the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology as part of the SFD Promotion Initiative.Date of production: 03/09/2015Last update: 26/10/2015

SFD Report - Gwalior, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Gwalior is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. There is sewerage network covering around 80% of the population. In spite having good sewerage network within the city only 19% of wastewater is safely managed in the city and rest 81%, which also includes 6% of city defecating in open, is shown unsafe in SFD.Date of production: 13/10/2015Last update: 23/01/2016