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FSM 3 Conference - Workshop 3 - FSM – Maximizing Resources Recovery

Resource recovery is important to consider before choosing a method for faecal sludge treatment and management, to ensure technologies are adequately and appropriately designed to produce resource recovery products. The workshop covered a wide range of resource recovery opportunities from faecal sludge including composting, vermicomposting, protein, fodder and plants, building materials and biofuels. The speakers are acknowledged leaders in their fields, and have been chosen from different countries and regions to better represent the diversity of the issues. The workshop was designed to be interactive and participatory, and facilitated active involvement of the participants. Successful case studies were presented.All workshop presentations are available onhttp://www.susana.org/en/resources/conference-materials-2/2015/263-fsm3-ws-3

FSM 3 Conference - Workshop 4A - FSM Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation: Research into Practice: Towards standardization of FS quantifi...

The workshop aimed at presenting, collecting and creating knowledge on the current state of art for faecal sludge quantification and characterization with the overall goal of working towards the design and development of appropriate faecal sludge treatment technology infrastructure. Standard accepted methods for sampling, analyzing and estimating flows of faecal sludge do not exist, which contributes to the high variability of observed results. Applied laboratory methods for characterization are often adapted from wastewater analysis and in many cases do not fit the context for faecal sludge analysis. There is no consensus about the adaptation of wastewater methods in addition to the added difficulty of faecal sludge being divergent and heterogeneous in its characteristics.All workshop presentations are available onhttp://www.susana.org/en/resources/conference-materials-2/2015/264-fsm3-ws-4

FSM 3 Conference - Workshop 4A - FSM Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation: Research into Practice: Towards standardization of FS quantifi...

FSM 3 Conference - Workshop 4B - FSM Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation: Learning Tools for Faecal Sludge Management: Engagement with N...

The workshop participants were divided into two groups to discuss the existing material in the new book on Faecal Sludge Management. The first group was asked to focus on the chapters dealing with the FSM Technology issues while the second group focused on the Planning and Management chapters of the book.All workshop presentations are available onhttp://www.susana.org/en/resources/conference-materials-2/2015/265-fsm3-ws-4b

FSM 3 Conference - Workshop 4B - FSM Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation: Learning Tools for Faecal Sludge Management: Engagement with N...

Greywater Tratment in Sand and Gravel Filters - Low Tech Solution for Sustainable Wastewater Management - Manual for Design, Construction, Operation a...

This manual provides the background of greywater characteristics and gives guidance how to construct and operate a low-tech sand filter for onsite greywater treatment. It describes all aspects to be considered in the process of planning, construction and maintenance of greywater filters on the household level in rural areas. This manual is made for practitioners, technicians and interested households who want to design, construct and operate a low-tech greywater filter.

Impact evaluation of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) in rural Mali - Final report

This report covers the main findings of the impact evaluation conducted of a communityled total sanitation (CLTS) campaign implemented by the government of Mali (Direction Nationale de l’Assainissement) with the support of UNICEF. We conducted a clusterrandomized controlled trial among 121 villages randomly selected from the district of Koulikoro in order to evaluate health and non-health program impacts. Baseline data was collected during April-June 2011, the CLTS intervention program was implemented between September-June 2012, and follow-up data was collected in April-June 2013. A total of 4532 households were enrolled at baseline and 4299 were visited at follow up; 89% of baseline households (N=4031) were successfully matched to a household at follow up. The primary outcomes presented in this report are reported for those households present at both baseline and follow up.The CLTS campaign was highly successful in increasing access to private latrines, improving the quality of latrines, and reducing self-reported open defecation. Access to a private latrine almost doubled among households in CLTS villages (coverage increased to 65% in CLTS villages compared to 35% in control villages). Self-reported open defecation rates fell by 70% among adult women and men, by 46% among older children (age 5-10), and by 50% among children under five. Children too young to use latrines were also more likely to use a child potty in CLTS villages. The program also increased perceived privacy and safety during defecation among women. Observations by field staff support respondent-reported reductions in open defecation, use of cleaner latrines, and improved hygiene in CLTS villages. Latrines in the CLTS households were 3 times more likely to have soap present (prevalence ratio PR: 3.17, 95% CI: 2.18-4.61) and 5 times more likely to have water present (PR: 5.3, 95% CI: 3.49-8.05). Latrines at CLTS households were more than twice as likely to have a cover over the hole of the pit (PR: 2.78, 95% CI: 2.24-3.44), and 31% less likely to have flies observed inside the latrine (PR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.68-0.93). CLTS households were also half as likely to have piles of human feces observed in the courtyard (PR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.37-0.79).Statistically significant impacts on child diarrheal or respiratory illness were not observed among children under five years of age when analyzing follow-up data only. It should be noted that even though randomization occurred after baseline data collection was complete and socio-economic characteristics were balanced across groups, most symptoms of diarrheal and respiratory illness were more prevalent in CLTS villages at baseline.There is evidence that the CLTS program has a positive and significant impact on growth outcomes among children less than five years of age. When accounting for baseline height measurements, children under five years old in CLTS villages were taller (+0.18 height-for-age Z-score, CI: 0.03, 0.32) and 14% less likely to be stunted (RR: 0.86, CI: 0.74, 1.0). Improvements in child weight (+0.09 weight-for-age Z-score, CI: -0.04, 0.22) and a reduction in the proportion of children underweight (RR: 0.88, CI: 0.71, 1.08) were also observed but were not statistically significant. The program also appeared to reduce the prevalence of severe stunting by 22% (CI: 0.60 – 1.02) and the risk of being severely underweight by 35% (CI: 0.46 – 0.93).We measured self-reported all-cause and cause-specific under-five child mortality among the study population as a secondary outcome. Each household was asked to report the age and gender of any household member that had died in the past 12 months and the cause of death. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality between control and treatment arms (Poisson regression, robust standard errors at the village level). We found a 53% reduction in diarrheal-related under-five mortality in CLTS villages (RR: 0.47, Robust Std. Err. 0.18, 95% CI: 0.23-0.98; N=23 child diarrheal deaths in control, N=11 child diarrheal deaths in CLTS).In addition, we designed a series of experimental games to measure the role of cooperation in the success of CLTS. We conducted these games over all 121 communities included in the study sample and at both baseline and follow-up. About one half of households in each community were randomly invited to participate to the games. All games were incentivized using valued items (rather than cash). We find a positive and statistically significant impact of the CLTS program on game contributions, indicating that pro-social behavior increased in these communities.This study provides evidence that a pure behavioral intervention with no monetary subsidies substantially increased access to sanitation facilities in rural Mali. Latrines were also cleaner and better stocked with handwashing supplies in treatment villages, indicating improved hygiene behavior. Our findings suggest CLTS improved child growth and reduced the prevalence of stunting among children. However, the program did not have a significant impact on self-reported diarrheal illness, thus the program may have impacted child growth and mortality through pathways other than preventing diarrhea, such as reducing the subclinical condition of environmental enteropathy via decreased exposure to environmental fecal contamination.++++++++++The intervention was implemented by the Malian government with the support of UNICEF.Generous funding was provided by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.This report presents data from a cluster randomized controlled trial (registration at clinicaltrials.gov NCT01900912). The study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Boards at Facultad de Ciencias Economicas of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and Stanford University

Implementer’s Guide to Lime Stabilisation for Septage Management in the Philippines

Local government units (LGUs) just beginning to implement a new septage management program may wish to phase in the program over time. Lime stabilization can be done as a first phase following a disaster and perhaps serve the public and commercial sectors. In the next phase, a municipal or city-wide program to desludge all septic tanks on a regular schedule using treatment technologies besides lime stabilization could be established. Phasing infrastructure should be carefully considered at the beginning since it has impacts on the overall project design and cost.This manual was created in response to increasing interest in lime stabilization among LGUs that we work with in the Philippines. We hope our experience will give you some ideas on how you can set up a program for your city or municipality as required by national government regulations.

Improving faecal sludge (FS) management for on-site sanitation in Kampala City, Uganda - Various documents on results from research grant

This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Daniel Okello (Phase 1) and Najib B. Lukooya (Phase 2) are leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below.

Inventory for Formal and Informal Faecal Sludge Emptiers and the Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) Private Sector in Kampala

In Kampala, about 90% of the people rely on on-site sanitation solutions, which cannot be considered “improved” or “acceptable” in most cases: too many households share one toilet; pit-latrines are unlined, filled with solid wastes, and hard to access for emptying services, ultimately leading to filled-up facilities that are either abandoned or directly emptied into the environment, posing health and environmental risks for the city and its people. It is estimated that 900m3 of faecal sludge (FS) is generated in Kampala every day, whereas only 390m3 are collected, representing a collection rate of 43% (KCCA/BMGF, 2014).The GIZ Reform of the Urban Water and Sanitation Sector (RUWASS) Programme has a strong focus on supporting private sector engagement in the urban sanitation sector while at the same time strengthening the regulatory framework and governing institutions such as Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). The interventions towards improved sanitation in Kampala also draw on the results of the Resource Recovery & Safe Reuse (RRR) Project Phase I, funded by the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC) between 2011 and 2014.Phase II of the RRR Project is based on a co-funding agreement between SDC and the German Government (German Development Cooperation, GDC), implemented by GIZ RUWASS. It will involve piloting of different sanitation interventions by KCCA over the period of May 2016 to May 2017 in five pre-selected parishes in Kampala.The specific objective of this assignment was to develop an Inventory of Faecal Sludge Emptiers and Resource Recovery and Reuse (RRR) Practitioners (both formal and informal) in Kampala in order to establish an overview of the current private sector set-up. The methodology for executing the assignment involved a literature review, stakeholder consultations with key institutions such as KCCA, National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC) and National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Interviews were also held with 7 private cesspool providers, 4 Gulper operators1 who own tricycles, 4 manual emptiers and 2 RRR entrepreneurs.This was followed by data analysis and report writing.

Investigation into pollution from on-site dry sanitation systems

The impact of onsite sanitation on water resources has been the subject of much study with regard to conventional septic tanks and soak-aways. However, research of impacts from rural and peri-urban communities using pit latrines, particularly in underdeveloped countries, has been unconvincing. With the increase in the extension of sanitation services provided by the South African Government anticipated to result in the establishment of some 6 million onsite dry sanitation systems, there is a need to assess the overall health and pollution impacts of these systems. The scale of application of these systems, in concert with highly variable climatic conditions and a range of geological formations and soilscapes, warrant a scientific assessment of the pollution potential of dry sanitation systems so that they can be properly sited, designed, installed, monitored and maintained.The objectives of this study are therefore to:• Develop an understanding of the conditions and processes that may lead to Migration of pollutants from onsite dry sanitation systems so that guidelines to minimise the impact of onsite sanitation to the water resources in South Africa may be developed;• Identify techniques, methods and models used in evaluating groundwater Pollution from onsite sanitation; and to• Derive the necessary knowledge for input to best practice guidelines for Monitoring and minimising the Impacts from onsite dry sanitation.The study comprises a comprehensive overview of current research and systematic observation of selected sites, comprising a range of geologies and sanitation types in order to derive an understanding of the effluent migration sources, pathways and mechanisms to inform the development of best practice guidelines.State-of-the-art:Many studies have been conducted on the widespread use of pit latrines. Regrettably, no consistent methodology has been used to monitor or report the extent of nutrient or pathogen movement. Very often, the studies comprise monitoring of local boreholes down gradient of informal or peri-urban developments. Several case studies report incidences of nutrient and pathogen contamination as a result of on-site sanitation contaminating water resources.Elevated concentrations of nutrients and pathogens have been observed between 20 and 90 m from latrines. Studies also claim that observations from boreholes some 900 m downstream of developments where pit latrines are used have shown increases in pathogen abundance. Only one study warns that the rapid lateral subsurface flow from extreme events may move nutrients and pathogens from pit latrines, but no observations are evident in the literature. Methodology:Four sites on two geologies were established in this study. A transect of four VIP latrines were monitored on a hillslope and an associated background site was coupled with this transect. Three other sites were established to monitor individual pour flush latrines. Observations comprised sampling of water from nearby streams, subsurface water from shallow piezometers and infiltrating soil water. The piezometers were established at selected intervals downslope of the latrines as well as at background stations upslope of the latrine. Infiltrated water was monitored through wetting front detectors. In addition geophysical and hydropedological surveys were conducted at each site in order to define the flow pathways and connectivity of the hillslopes. A nearby weather station was used to record meteorological data, while local rain gauges were established at the sites. Pit latrine contents were sampled on two occasions and analysed for nutrients and pathogens. Analyses on the water samples included stable isotopes of water to aid in the definition of connectivity of flow pathways, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and a selection of cations and anions. Conclusions and Recommendations:In comparison to previous studies, nitrate movement does not appear to be as significant at the KwaZulu-Natal study sites compared to other studies. However they are consistent with each other in terms of greatest mobility during periods of high rainfall. The same can be said for the mobility of E. coli. However at the Slangspruit site, a distinct E. coli plume extended to 26 m, whereas the nitrate was only evident up to 3 m. At this site where the water table was consistently high (i.e.