SFD Report - Durban, South Africa

SFD Report - Hanoi, Vietnam - SFD Promotion Initiative

Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is located in the Northern part of the country in the Red river delta. The urban districts cover an area of 304 km² with an estimated population of 3,147,000 inhabitants. Half of the districts have population densities above 20,000 inhabitants per km² while the other half below 10,000 inhabitants per km². This illustrates the variation between dense urban districts in the centre of the city and districts where peri-urban characteristics prevail. The majority of households have septic tanks that are connected to the drainage network. For Hanoi it is estimated that 82% of the excreta is not managed safely, thus only 18% of the excreta is considered safely managed.Date of production: 21/02/2016Last update: 09/03/2016

SFD Report - Holleta, Ethiopia - SFD Promotion Initiative

Holleta is an Ethiopian city located in the Oromia region at a distance of 35 Km from Addis Ababa, lying between levations of 2,320 and 2,460 meters above sea level. The average rainfall in Holleta is 1,367 mm and the mean temperature varies from 12.3 to 15.9oC. Population in 2015 was 57,828 with an average of 6.7 members per household. The main economic activity is agriculture with several crops cultivated in the area. Farming of livestock is rising and contributes to the development of the economy of the area as well.The town obtains grain products, livestock supply, natural resources and labour from surrounding areas and manufacturing and commercial products from Addis Ababa. About 90% of households collect part of their daily water requirement from the town’s water supply system, from either a private connection or public taps. Solid waste is collected by several micro-enterprises while vacuum trucks are used to collect faecal sludge; all wastes are discharged to an open-field dumpsite without treatment

SFD Report - Kabul, Afghanistan - SFD Promotion Initiative

Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, located in the eastern section of the country. According to a 2012 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,289,000. It was selected for the SFD program because it is a mega city with only 20% supplied with piped water and 60% informal dwellings. In Kabul it was estimated that 21% of excreta is managed safely while 79% of the excreta ends up directly in the environment without adequate treatment.This Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) Report was created through desk-based research by GIZ as part of the SFD Promotion Initiative.Date of production: 16/05/2016Last update: 11/08/2016

SFD Report - Kochi, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

The city of Kochi (also known as Cochin) is the touristic and economic capital of the state of Kerala located in the south-west region of India. The municipal boundary of the Corporation Cochin (CoC) has a total population of over 600,000. In Kochi it was estimated that 20% of excreta is managed safely while 80% of the excreta ends up directly in the environment without adequate treatment.Date of production: 16/01/2016Last update: 06/06/2016

SFD Report - Lima, Peru - SFD Promotion Initiative

Lima the capital of Peru and the third largest city in Latin America covering an area of 2,700 km2. Metropolitan Lima consists of the Province of Lima and the Constitutional Province of Callao and is located in a coastal desert. Approximately one third of Peru’s population live in Metropolitan Lima. It has an estimated population of 9,904,727. 92% of the excreta from the population of Lima is discharge directly to sewers, but only 65% of this stream reaches a wastewater treatment plant, this is then partially treated. 3% of the populations’ excreta is contained in sealed tanks, 3% in unlined pits (which are never emptied) and 1% in lined pits. The sealed tanks and lined pits are emptied by vacuum tankers. The faecal sludge is the taken to Hauycoloro landifill site. Currently 46% of the excreta produced by the population of Lima is safely managed.

SFD Report - Santa Cruz, Bolivia - SFD Promotion Initiative

Santa Cruz de la Serria Metropolitan Area (SCMA) is the second largest urban area in Bolivia. It is a major economic centre in Bolivia. There are approximately 1.9 million inhabitants in SCMA. The city is considered to be one of the fastest growing cities in the world. Santa Cruz is located in eastern Bolivia on the Pirai Riva at an altitude of 416 m above sea level. SCMA has a tropical savanna climate, with an average annual temperature around 23°C. 49% of the populations’ excreta discharge directly to sewers. Of this, only 80% (or 39% of the populations’ excreta) is considered to reach a wastewater treatment plant due to leakage from the sewers. A total of 30% of all wastewater is considered as treated. 46% of the population are reliant on onsite sanitation systems, with a majority using septic tanks connected to a soak pit (35%). 5% of the population have no access to sanitation systems and practice open defecation.

SFD Report - Tikapur, Nepal - SFD Promotion Initiative

Tikapur is a municipality of over 60,000 inhabitants (56,136, 2011 census), located on the right bank of the Karnali river in the Terai district of Kailali, far western region. It is a “new town” and was founded about 50 years ago and is composed of four main different socio-economic settings. There is a well-planned core-urban area in Ward 9, which is based on a master plan prepared in 1972, which allocated land for future infrastructure like roads, drinking, storm and waste water, health, education or electricity. In the eastern part of Ward 9 and 8, ex-bounded labourers from Tikapur have been allocated land and now form a dense settlement with access to the road network and electricity. Around this area, there are also illegal settlements of displaced people that have built their homes on municipal and land. They have no access to electricity nor proper sanitation and are in the process of negotiating their relocation.In Tikapur, 98% of the residents are using on-site sanitation technologies, which are either pit latrines, septic tanks or biogas digesters. 2% of the population is still practicing open defecation. Tikapur does not have a sewer system.

SFD Report (draft) - Tirupati, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Tirupati is situated in Chittoor district in the southern of the state of Andhra Pradesh with a total population of just under 375,000. The town is a pilgrimage center and attracts a total diurnal floating population of about 55,000. During religious festivals the diurnal floating population exceeds 100,000. In Tirupati it was estimated that 70% of excreta is managed safely while 30% of the excreta ends up directly in the environment without adequate treatment.This Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) Report was created through desk-based research by GIZ as part of the SFD Promotion Initiative.Date of production: 16/01/2016Last update: 13/04/2016

SFD Thinking - Spreading the knowledge through Scenario SFDs in Ghana - SFD Promotion Initiative

After exploring the potential of SFDs in predicting the impact of sanitation investment projects across the sanitation service chain, a new feature was developed called “trend graphs” or “Scenario SFDs”. It allows visualizing different scenarios and giving an outlook on what the situation could look like in the future and what could be achieved through specific investments or activities. The spreading of knowledge is crucial to make changes happen and Scenario SFDs can be a powerful tool to gain attention and generate awareness.

SWEEP Rapid Market Assessment Dhaka, Bangladesh

Technical and user evaluation of a novel worm-based, on-site sanitation system in rural India

The technical performance and user acceptance of a novel on-site sanitation system based on vermifiltration was tested for over 12 months in rural India. Ten households (mean household size = 5.6 people) who had previously practised open defecation trialled a pour flush toilet linked to a vermifilter, together known as a ‘Tiger Toilet’. Technical parameters which were monitored over this period included: usage, temperature, accumulation of faecal matter and vermicompost, presence of worms, and influent and effluent quality. User satisfaction was evaluated relative to a baseline survey and through focus group discussions. The vermifilters processed human waste products effectively in a real life scenario. After 12 months there was little accumulation of faecal solids (0–10 per cent surface coverage) and effluent quality was good (chemical oxygen demand reduction = 57 per cent, faecal coliforms reduction = 99 per cent). Vermicompost accumulation was low and suggested that emptying would only be necessary every five years. User satisfaction levels were high, with 100 per cent of respondents being either very satisfied (60 per cent) or satisfied (40 per cent) with the ‘Tiger Toilet’. The main reasons given were the use of worms and the lack of smells.

Thermal Drying of Faecal Sludge from VIP latrines and Characterisation of Dried Faecal Material - Master thesis from the Pollution Research Group, at ...

Urban Shit - Where does this sludge go?

Every four in 10 houses in Indian cities and towns use latrines connected to septic tanks.Most municipalities do not have a proper plan to dispose of the faecal sludge collected in these tanks.

Using the Shit/Excreta Flow Diagrams (SFDs) for modelling future scenarios in Kumasi, Ghana - A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of th...

The high population density of the cities does not allow families to safely abandon onsite sanitation facilities. This creates a need for a sanitation service chain to safely manage feacal waste. Hence, Shit/Excreta Flow Diagrams (SFD) are being developed as an analysis tool, which illustrates excreta pathways along the sanitation service chain in a city. The main objective of this study is to use the SFD methodology to model four possible future scenarios in Kusami and predict the changes in excreta flow patterns. Four differrent scenarios have been defined using the population growth rate, the number of public toilets, number of private toilets and the treatment plant capacity as main variable parameters. First, a "baseline scenario" was formed, in order to analyse the potential change in the SFD if there is no investment in the next years and the population continues to increase. Afterwards, two more scenarios were studied regarding the on-going projects or those that are about to start in the city. Finally, a combination of second and third scenarios was defined to illustrate the total change in the SFD if all projects are implemented.