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SFD Manual (Arabic, English, French) - SFD Promotion Initiative

An excreta flow diagram (also often described as shit flow diagram, SFD) presents a clear picture of the outcome arising from wastewater and faecal sludge management practices and services in a city or town. This is expressed in terms of the percentage of the population. An accompanying report describes the service delivery context of the city or town.The output from the SFD production process is a concise report (SFD Report) which contains the graphic (SFD Graphic), the qualitative assessment of the service delivery context and a complete record of the data sources used.The SFD approach includes standardized guidance – a methodology and tools - for the easy production of standardized SFD Graphics. The SFD Manual – Volumes 1 and 2 (version 2.0), as well available in French and Arabic, and the SFD Graphic Generator were developed to enable the development of future SFD Reports.

SFD Manual (Arabic, English, French) - SFD Promotion Initiative

SFD Report - Bansberia, India

Bansberia is a town in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. Bansberia Municipality was the nerve center of “Saptagram”, a port city, famous for its inland and foreign trades with Europe since 17th Century. Bansberia has a population of 1,03,799. The population density of the city is 11,445 persons per sq.km, which is high in comparison to the population density of West Bengal, i.e. 1,028 persons per sq.km. The slum population of Bansberia is 38,604 which is 37.19% of the total population. 2.7% population practices open defecation. All households are dependent on onsite sanitation systems. It was estimated that 28 % of the excreta is managed safely.

SFD Report - Bansberia, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Bansberia is a town in the Hooghly district of West Bengal, India. Bansberia Municipality was the nerve centre of “Saptagram”, a port city, famous for its inland and foreign trades with Europe since 17th Century. It is rich in its heritage and tradition and has a number of historical sites such as Hanseswari Temple and Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah. (BM, 2015).All households are dependent on onsite sanitation systems. The containment systems in Bansberia mainly comprises of septic tanks and pits. Septic tanks do not adhere to the standards prescribed by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Following types of containment systems were found in Bansberia; septic tank connected to soak pit (20% population), septic tank connected to open drain (4% population), fully lined tank with no outlet (4% population) and the most common containment system found in the city, which is the twin-pit system (72% population) (BM, 2016).

SFD Report - Bijnor, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Bijnor city is located 12 km west to the bank of River Ganga and 460 km from Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh. Bijnor is the district headquarters of Bijnor district. As per Census 2011, Bijnor has a population of 93,297 residing in 17,715 households. The urban local body governing the town is Bijnor Nagar Palika Parishad (BNPP) or (Bijnor Municipal Council).The city has recently got the sewer network in place but it is not functional yet, as the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) is still under construction, scheduled to be completed only by 2018.

SFD Report - Bodhgaya, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Bodhgaya is a small town, located in the Gaya district of Bihar. A population size of 51,900 was considered for the preparation of the SFD. There is no treatment facility available for sewage and faecal sludge generated in the town. 51% of the population of Bodhgaya depends on Onsite Sanitation Systems. The FS collected by the vacuum tankers is discharged into open fields . As there is no treatment facility in Bodhgaya and since the groundwater table is high, also, the FS collected from households is indiscriminately discharged into the environment. Hence, excreta of 100% population are unsafely managed, this includes the 49% population which defecates in open.

SFD Report - Bongaon, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Bongaon city lies in the state of West Bengal, India. It has a population of 108,864 of which the slum population accounts to 37.04% of the total population (data from 2011). All households are dependent currently on Onsite Sanitation Systems (OSS). The town does not have any treatment facility for FS. 45% FS, which gets emptied, is transported and discharged untreated into solid waste landfill site. Therefore, it can be concluded, excreta of 100% of the population are not managed safely.

SFD Report - Buxar, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Buxar city is situated on the banks of River Ganga in the state of Bihar, India. The population of the city is 102,861, while slum population is 10,161 (data from 2011).It was observed that there is no sewerage network existing in the city and the equivalent population is dependent on Onsite Sanitation Systems (OSS). There is no treatment facility available for FS generated. Emptied FS from OSS is discharged into open drains/farms and supernatant/effluent from OSS is conveyed through open drains into Sone canal which eventually reaches the river. 30% population practices open defecation. It can be concluded that the excreta of 100% of the population can be considered as unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Cape Cod, MA, USA

Cape Cod is a geographic cape extending into the Atlantic Ocean from mainland Massachusetts, USA. It has a population of 215,888 people, nearly doubling in the summer. The sanitation infrastructure in Cape Cod consists of both centralized wastewater systems leading to a publicly-owned wastewater treatment plant with effluent disposal, as well as decentralized wastewater systems.Date of production: 24/07/2017

SFD Report - Chunar, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Chunar is situated on the banks of River Ganga and River Jirgo, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The population of the city is 37,185 (data from 2011).There is no sewerage network in the city and 71% of the city is dependent on onsite sanitation systems (OSS), out of which 60% are dependent on septic tanks and around 11% on pits. 29% of the population still practices open defecation. According to the generated SFD, 100% of the excreta is unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Gangaghat, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

The city of Gangaghat is located 83 km south west from Lucknow, the state capital. The population of the city is 84,072 (data from 2011) with a population density of 17,122 persons per sq.km.It was found that there is no sewerage network and the entire population is dependent on Onsite Sanitation Systems (OSS). Septic tank connected to open drain is used by 70% population, 14% practice open defecation and 2% of the population is attributed to be user interface directly connected to open drains/open ground. According to the generated SFD, 100 % of the excreta is unsafely managed.

SFD Report - Kalpetta, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Kalpetta is a town and a municipality in the Wayanad district, of Kerala, India. It is the headquarters of Wayanad district as well as the headquarters of Vythiritaluk. It is a bustling town surrounded by dense coffee, tea plantations and hills (KM, 2015).Apart from being the administrative capital of the district, Kalpetta is also the centre of tourism, as it is currently located within the two districts and due to its proximity to most visited tourist sites (WTO, 2017).There is no household connected to functional underground drainage system. Most of the households in the city (60%) are dependent on three chambered septic tanks connected to soak pits. Whereas the rest (36%) are dependent on pit latrines constructed with concrete rings or granite stones with open bottoms. Sizes of containment systems depend on space availability and affordability of the households. The septic tanks are constructed according to the Kerala Municipal Building Rules (KMBR) 1999. About 4% of population defecates in the open. It is mostly practised tribal areas and near riparian of River Moniyangod. There are three public toilets catering tourists, visiting the city, and seven community toilets catering the local residents deprived of individual toilets (KM, 2016).

SFD Report - Kannur, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Kannur, also known by its English name Cannanore, is a city in Kannur district, state of Kerala, India. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kannur district and situated 518 km north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. Kannur is famous for its pristine beaches, Theyyam (its native performing art), and its handloom industry. Kannur Municipal Corporation (KMC) is the largest urban local body of the north Malabar region.The Census of India 2011 reflects that 19% of the households are connected to pipe sewer system but during the field based study it was found that the city does not have any sewer system at present. Most of the people in the city (99%) are dependent on Onsite Sanitation System (OSS). 48% of the population is dependent on septic tanks connected to soak pits, 47% on fullylined tanks connected to soak pits and 4% on pit latrines either constructed with concrete rings or laterite stones. Rest 1% of the population (mostly urban poor residing is the coastal areas) defecate in open. The types of containments in the city vary with the economic status of the residents. Readymade septic tanks made up of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) are also prevalent in the city, installed mainly in sandy areas to avoid seepage.

SFD Report - Katihar, India - SFD Promotion Initiative

Katihar, the district headquarters of Katihar District, is located in the state of Bihar, India. The population of Katihar city is 240,838 with a population density of 9,437 persons per sq.km (Data from 2011). During the post-independence period, commerce showed a phenomenal increase with the associated small scale industrial development, which resulted in the increase of city population. 72 % of the population relies on Onsite Sanitation Systems and it was estimated that 28% of the city still practices open defecation. There is no treatment facility for WW and Faecal Sludge (FS). WW from 15 wards conveyed via major storm water drains ends up in low lying areas. FS collected is discharged in solid waste dump yard in outskirts of the city. From the SFD it can be extracted that 100 % of the excreta is managed unsafely.