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Predicting the impact of sanitation investment projects on the Sanitation Service Chain (SSC), using excreta flow diagrams (SFDs)

Onsite sanitation systems are the predominant sanitation option worldwide (Medland et al., 2015). High population density in cities in low-middle income countries means that faecal sludge (FS) from onsite systems cannot be managed safely onsite. This creates a need for safe management of the FS through the sanitation service chain (SSC) (Hawkins et al. 2013). The movement of FS and wastewater through the SSC can be illustrated by an Excreta Flow Diagram (SFD), which provides a strategic overview of the sanitation situation in the city (Blackett and Evans, 2015).The SFD methodology developed through the Shit Flow Diagram Promotion Initiative (sfd.susana.org/) has been applied in over 40 cities worldwide. As part of this SFD Promotion Initiative, the SFD for Kumasi (Ghana) was developed by WEDC and Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (Furlong, 2015), which provides the basis for this research. The main use of SFDs has been as an advocacy tool. This research explores the use of the SFD methodology to model the impact over a 10 year period of sanitation investment projects that are currently happening in Kumasi. Due to the nature of SFDs, this impact can be assessed across the whole SSC, allowing stakeholders to see how future investment projects may change the flow of excreta in cities.The poster was presented at the FSM4 conference from 20-22 February 2017 in Chennai, India.

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Predicting the impact of sanitation investment projects on the Sanitation Service Chain (SSC), using excreta flow diagrams (SFDs)

Onsite sanitation systems are the predominant sanitation option worldwide (Medland et al., 2015). High population density in cities in low-middle income countries means that faecal sludge (FS) from onsite systems cannot be managed safely onsite. This creates a need for safe management of the FS through the sanitation service chain (SSC) (Hawkins et al. 2013). The movement of FS and wastewater through the SSC can be illustrated by an Excreta Flow Diagram (SFD), which provides a strategic overview of the sanitation situation in the city (Blackett and Evans, 2015).The SFD methodology developed through the Shit Flow Diagram Promotion Initiative (sfd.susana.org/) has been applied in over 40 cities worldwide. As part of this SFD Promotion Initiative, the SFD for Kumasi (Ghana) was developed by WEDC and Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly (Furlong, 2015), which provides the basis for this research. The main use of SFDs has been as an advocacy tool. This research explores the use of the SFD methodology to model the impact over a 10 year period of sanitation investment projects that are currently happening in Kumasi. Due to the nature of SFDs, this impact can be assessed across the whole SSC, allowing stakeholders to see how future investment projects may change the flow of excreta in cities.The poster was presented at the FSM4 conference from 20-22 February 2017 in Chennai, India.

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Raised and elevated latrines - Mobile notes

If ground has rock or groundwater close to the surface, it may not be possible to dig a hole deep enough even for a twin-pit latrine. In such cases pits can be raised above the ground. This short note illustrates ways of doing this.

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Recommendations concerning the scaling-uppotential of BORDA-DEWATS wastewater treatment in the urban context of Kabul, Afghanistan

BORDA-DEWATS constitutes the treatment element of a sanitation concept that starts with the individual user interface, the toilet, and continues with a simplified sewer system that connects a neighbourhood of less than 10 households up to a few hundred households. The collected wastewater then enters the treatment stage. Solid matter sediments under anaerobic conditions and decomposes by producing small quantities of inert sludge and methane. Ideally, the gas could be collected and used. Two different products transmit from the treatment process: (i) treated effluent with a residual Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 170 to 320 mg COD/l that may be percolated into the subsoil or used for restricted irrigation or discharge into a surface water body with low sensitivity, and (ii) stabilized sludge that could be used as soil conditioner. With over thousand facilities this technology has proven its scalability in Indonesia. The situation is somewhat different in the Philippines, Vietnam or Tanzania, where numbers are considerably lower. It is therefore worthwhile to assess the scaling-uppotential in urban Afghanistan.

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Safely managed sanitation in small towns

During the 2017 Stockholm World Water Week, SuSanA co-convened the event “Safely managed sanitation in small towns”.As a UN Habitat report highlighted, “between 20 to 50% of the population in most low and middle income countries live in small urban centres or large villages with small urban centres characteristics”. Small towns are often too small to have conventional sanitation infrastructures such as sewerage, but are also too big to benefit from the sanitation approaches used in rural areas. Sanitation services are therefore often non-functional or inexistent in small towns. The first session of the event, a so-called “marketplace”, was set up for different organisations to present their “lessons learnt” from recent experiences in Nepal, Ethiopia, Brazil, and a few other regions. The different challenges identified by the presentations highlighted the specificity of the context of small towns.At the end of the session, participants were invited to vote for three topics which were then discussed in the following session. As a result, special attention was given to the topics “Financial viability of sanitation services in small towns” and “Capacity building for sanitation service in small towns”. Lastly the question “What are the incentives for small towns to develop sanitation services?” was debated about. It was agreed that aspiration, desire to model other city/person, emulation between individual/collective seem to get good results in the context of small cities.

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Safely managed sanitation in small towns

During the 2017 Stockholm World Water Week, SuSanA co-convened the event “Safely managed sanitation in small towns”.As a UN Habitat report highlighted, “between 20 to 50% of the population in most low and middle income countries live in small urban centres or large villages with small urban centres characteristics”. Small towns are often too small to have conventional sanitation infrastructures such as sewerage, but are also too big to benefit from the sanitation approaches used in rural areas. Sanitation services are therefore often non-functional or inexistent in small towns. The first session of the event, a so-called “marketplace”, was set up for different organisations to present their “lessons learnt” from recent experiences in Nepal, Ethiopia, Brazil, and a few other regions. The different challenges identified by the presentations highlighted the specificity of the context of small towns.At the end of the session, participants were invited to vote for three topics which were then discussed in the following session. As a result, special attention was given to the topics “Financial viability of sanitation services in small towns” and “Capacity building for sanitation service in small towns”. Lastly the question “What are the incentives for small towns to develop sanitation services?” was debated about. It was agreed that aspiration, desire to model other city/person, emulation between individual/collective seem to get good results in the context of small cities.

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Safely managed sanitation in small towns

During the 2017 Stockholm World Water Week, SuSanA co-convened the event “Safely managed sanitation in small towns”.As a UN Habitat report highlighted, “between 20 to 50% of the population in most low and middle income countries live in small urban centres or large villages with small urban centres characteristics”. Small towns are often too small to have conventional sanitation infrastructures such as sewerage, but are also too big to benefit from the sanitation approaches used in rural areas. Sanitation services are therefore often non-functional or inexistent in small towns. The first session of the event, a so-called “marketplace”, was set up for different organisations to present their “lessons learnt” from recent experiences in Nepal, Ethiopia, Brazil, and a few other regions. The different challenges identified by the presentations highlighted the specificity of the context of small towns.At the end of the session, participants were invited to vote for three topics which were then discussed in the following session. As a result, special attention was given to the topics “Financial viability of sanitation services in small towns” and “Capacity building for sanitation service in small towns”. Lastly the question “What are the incentives for small towns to develop sanitation services?” was debated about. It was agreed that aspiration, desire to model other city/person, emulation between individual/collective seem to get good results in the context of small cities.

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Safely managed sanitation in small towns

During the 2017 Stockholm World Water Week, SuSanA co-convened the event “Safely managed sanitation in small towns”.As a UN Habitat report highlighted, “between 20 to 50% of the population in most low and middle income countries live in small urban centres or large villages with small urban centres characteristics”. Small towns are often too small to have conventional sanitation infrastructures such as sewerage, but are also too big to benefit from the sanitation approaches used in rural areas. Sanitation services are therefore often non-functional or inexistent in small towns. The first session of the event, a so-called “marketplace”, was set up for different organisations to present their “lessons learnt” from recent experiences in Nepal, Ethiopia, Brazil, and a few other regions. The different challenges identified by the presentations highlighted the specificity of the context of small towns.At the end of the session, participants were invited to vote for three topics which were then discussed in the following session. As a result, special attention was given to the topics “Financial viability of sanitation services in small towns” and “Capacity building for sanitation service in small towns”. Lastly the question “What are the incentives for small towns to develop sanitation services?” was debated about. It was agreed that aspiration, desire to model other city/person, emulation between individual/collective seem to get good results in the context of small cities.

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Sanergy - Exploring the use of mobile-enabled sensors to optimise sanitation waste collection in Kenya

In 2015, Container-Based Sanitation provider Sanergy was awarded a GSMA Mobile for Development (M4D) Utilities grant with SweetSense to install GSM and RFID enabled infrared sensors to record Fresh Life Toilet activity and estimate fill levels. Waste collectors and Fresh-Life Toilet Operators used the sensors to record servicing events and request assistance by swiping RFID tags. A mobile app was also developed to capture waste weight data. Sensor data was recorded from 40 Fresh Life Toilets in informal settlements of Nairobi and used to dynamically predict the frequency of waste collection.

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Sanitation worker safety and livelihoods in India: A blueprint for action

The Sanitation ProjectIn 2017, Dalberg Advisors carried out a study of sanitation workers across India – the first of its kind – to understand the issue both from a worker perspective as well as a supply-side or institutional perspectiveThe Sanitation Workers Project is a structured, first-of-its-kind 5-month long study of sanitation workers across India carried out by Dalberg Advisors in 2017, with the support of The Gates Foundation.The state of sanitation workers remains a blind spot, as workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts – financial, health and social. To develop a blueprint with solutions for this murky problem, we interacted with all the stakeholders – workers across the sanitation value chain, government officials, contractors, NGOs and experts.Unsafe sanitation work continues to persist in multiple forms in India in spite of it being banned in 1993 and several initiatives by CSOs.Workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts - financial, health and social:1. Hazardous work environment leading to acute mental and physical health issues; rampant drug abuse alcoholism2. Poor pay and exploitation by sanitation contractors3. Social stigma and lack of access to public resourcesThis publication is divided into four phases:Phase 1: Understanding the problemPhase 2: Best practicesPhase 3: SolutioningPhase 4: City Blueprint - Trichy

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Sanitation worker safety and livelihoods in India: A blueprint for action

The Sanitation ProjectIn 2017, Dalberg Advisors carried out a study of sanitation workers across India – the first of its kind – to understand the issue both from a worker perspective as well as a supply-side or institutional perspectiveThe Sanitation Workers Project is a structured, first-of-its-kind 5-month long study of sanitation workers across India carried out by Dalberg Advisors in 2017, with the support of The Gates Foundation.The state of sanitation workers remains a blind spot, as workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts – financial, health and social. To develop a blueprint with solutions for this murky problem, we interacted with all the stakeholders – workers across the sanitation value chain, government officials, contractors, NGOs and experts.Unsafe sanitation work continues to persist in multiple forms in India in spite of it being banned in 1993 and several initiatives by CSOs.Workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts - financial, health and social:1. Hazardous work environment leading to acute mental and physical health issues; rampant drug abuse alcoholism2. Poor pay and exploitation by sanitation contractors3. Social stigma and lack of access to public resourcesThis publication is divided into four phases:Phase 1: Understanding the problemPhase 2: Best practicesPhase 3: SolutioningPhase 4: City Blueprint - Trichy

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Sanitation worker safety and livelihoods in India: A blueprint for action

The Sanitation ProjectIn 2017, Dalberg Advisors carried out a study of sanitation workers across India – the first of its kind – to understand the issue both from a worker perspective as well as a supply-side or institutional perspectiveThe Sanitation Workers Project is a structured, first-of-its-kind 5-month long study of sanitation workers across India carried out by Dalberg Advisors in 2017, with the support of The Gates Foundation.The state of sanitation workers remains a blind spot, as workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts – financial, health and social. To develop a blueprint with solutions for this murky problem, we interacted with all the stakeholders – workers across the sanitation value chain, government officials, contractors, NGOs and experts.Unsafe sanitation work continues to persist in multiple forms in India in spite of it being banned in 1993 and several initiatives by CSOs.Workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts - financial, health and social:1. Hazardous work environment leading to acute mental and physical health issues; rampant drug abuse alcoholism2. Poor pay and exploitation by sanitation contractors3. Social stigma and lack of access to public resourcesThis publication is divided into four phases:Phase 1: Understanding the problemPhase 2: Best practicesPhase 3: SolutioningPhase 4: City Blueprint - Trichy

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Sanitation worker safety and livelihoods in India: A blueprint for action

The Sanitation ProjectIn 2017, Dalberg Advisors carried out a study of sanitation workers across India – the first of its kind – to understand the issue both from a worker perspective as well as a supply-side or institutional perspectiveThe Sanitation Workers Project is a structured, first-of-its-kind 5-month long study of sanitation workers across India carried out by Dalberg Advisors in 2017, with the support of The Gates Foundation.The state of sanitation workers remains a blind spot, as workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts – financial, health and social. To develop a blueprint with solutions for this murky problem, we interacted with all the stakeholders – workers across the sanitation value chain, government officials, contractors, NGOs and experts.Unsafe sanitation work continues to persist in multiple forms in India in spite of it being banned in 1993 and several initiatives by CSOs.Workers face significant challenges on multiple fronts - financial, health and social:1. Hazardous work environment leading to acute mental and physical health issues; rampant drug abuse alcoholism2. Poor pay and exploitation by sanitation contractors3. Social stigma and lack of access to public resourcesThis publication is divided into four phases:Phase 1: Understanding the problemPhase 2: Best practicesPhase 3: SolutioningPhase 4: City Blueprint - Trichy

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SFD Lite Report - King County, WA, USA

King County is located in the state of Washington in the Pacific Northwest region of the USA. It has a population of 2.1 million people and is the most populous county in the state. Most of King County is sewered with separate, partial and combined sewage systems; there are also 85,000 septic tanks in the county, in Seattle and on Vashon Island.Note: All calculations in this SFD report were done using publically available data.Date of production: 22/06/2017

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SFD Lite Report - Madison, WI, USA

Madison is the capital of the state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Dane County, and is home to 252,551 people. Sometimes described as the City of Four Lakes, it comprises the four successive lakes of the Yahara River: Lake Mendota, Lake Monona, Lake Waubesa and Lake Kegonsa. According to the Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District, 100% of the population in Madison relies on separate sanitary sewers for the containment of wastewater.Date of production: 27/07/2017