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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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EcoSan Vision Workshop in Nairobi, Kenya - Conference materials

Two ecosan workshops in Kenya, "ecosan Capacity Development Workshop" in Ugunja and "ecosan Vision workshop" in Nairobi, were organised and financed by the GTZ Program on sustainable sanitation - ecosan and the facilitating consultants Laura Kraft (freelance), Martin Wafler, Johannes Heeb (both seecon gmbh, Switzerland) and Ms. Pradnya Thakur (Ecosan Services Foundation, India). The main aim was to bring together sanitation and ecosan experts from various sectors, to interlink and capacity build them and to set a forum for open discussion on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The second workshop on the vision for ecosan in Kenya took place in Nairobi on 27 September and dealt with the question on how to bring together the various active stakeholders on ecosan to better mainstream the ecosan approach and fill the gaps in service provision for a more healthy and productive Kenya. It brought together Kenyan institutional and sector players, NGOs, opinion leaders, promoters and entrepreneurs of ecosan and sanitation. It was a forum for presentations on the Kenyan experience on ecosan by different players, for group works and discussions on the future development of ecosan in Kenya.The ecosan vision workshop in Nairobi was facilitated successfully by Kenyan ecosan experts and consultants from seecon, Switzerland and Ecosan Service Foundation, India.

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Guidelines for separation distances based on virus transport between on-site domestic wastewater systems and wells

The discharge of domestic wastewater to ground and the proximate abstraction of groundwater for domestic purposes can contaminate drinking water. Regional councils need to consider these situations when implementing the National Environmental Standard (NES) for Sources of Human Drinking Water (NZ Government, 2007). Separation distances between wastewater discharges and groundwater abstractions must be established to reduce the likelihood of contamination. Some regional councils have specified separation requirements based on the transport of bacteria. Others have separation requirements with an uncertain scientific basis, and yet others have no separation requirements. Importantly, none of the existing separation distances allow for the influence of different subsurface materials on the transportation of viruses through the ground. Using bacterial rather than viral transport as the basis for guidelines is a shortcoming for two main reasons. The survival characteristics of viruses favour their transportation over long distances in aquifers, and their high infectivity means they can cause disease, even though their numbers may have been substantially reduced during transport. Further, virus concentrations are reduced more effectively by some subsurface materials than others. The use of arbitrary separation distances that take no account of differences in these materials may over- or under-protect water resources. Consequently, there is a need for a tool that establishes separation distances that are safe with respect to the more robust pathogens such as viruses, and can be used in different hydrogeological settings throughout New Zealand.